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Kinesiology - Test 1 > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

0
Q

What are the two most important principles in kinesiology?

A

Mobility and stability

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1
Q

What are the four aspects of kinesiology?

A

Mechanical (biomechanics), neural (motor control), cardiovascular, and psychological

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2
Q

What is the relationship between mobility and stability?

A

When a joint is stable, it has less mobility and vice versa

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3
Q

What is the definition of biomechanics?

A

The study of mechanics applied to posture and movement

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4
Q

What are the two areas of study of biomechanics?

A

Statics and dynamics

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5
Q

What is the sum of the forces when something is static?

A

Zero

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6
Q

What is the equation for torque/moment?

A

Torque/moment = moment arm x force

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7
Q

When do you apply the least amount of force in regards to the moment arm and pushing a door?

A

You apply the least amount of force when the moment arm is the longest

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8
Q

What is the difference between kinematics and kinetics?

A

Kinematics - the study of just motion (ex: gait and normal ROM)
Kinetics - the study of motion with force (ex: muscles active in different exercises)

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9
Q

What is displacement?

A

The change in position over time

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10
Q

What are the five kinematic variables to describe displacement?

A

Type (motion), location in space, direction of displaced segment, magnitude, and rate of change in displacement (velocity) or the rate of change of velocity (acceleration)

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11
Q

What are the three types of displacement?

A

Translatory motion, rotary motion, and general (curvilinear) motion

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13
Q

What is translatory motion?

A

Occurs when each point of a segment moves through the same distance at the same time - aka linear displacement

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14
Q

What is general (curvilinear) motion?

A

The combination of linear and rotary motion - object is rotating around an axis while also being translated

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15
Q

What type of motion is most common in humans?

A

General (curvilinear) motion

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16
Q

Where does the axis of rotation occur in relation to the plane of motion?

A

Perpendicular

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17
Q

What plane is related to the x-axis?

A

Sagittal plane

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18
Q

What plane is related to the y-axis?

A

Transverse plane

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19
Q

What plane is related to the z-axis?

A

Frontal (coronal) plane

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20
Q

What are the options of movement of a segment referred to as?

A

Degrees of freedom

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21
Q

What are the two types of magnitudes of motion?

A

Angular motion - range of motion

Translatory motion - distance

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22
Q

What is speed?

A

Displacement per unit time regardless of direction

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23
Q

What is velocity?

A

Distance travelled in a unit of time given direction

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24
Q

What is acceleration?

A

The change in velocity per unit of time

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25
Q

What is the equation for force?

A

Force = mass x acceleration

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26
Q

What is the cause an effect relationship between a motion and a force?

A

Every motion is caused by a force, but a force does not always cause a motion

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27
Q

What do you need in order to apply a force?

A

A physical contact

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28
Q

What are the four components of force vectors?

A

Magnitude, direction, line of action, and point of application

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29
Q

What are vector quantities?

A

All forces acting on an object

30
Q

What is torque/moment?

A

The force acting to rotate a body around an axis

31
Q

What two things is the effect of a rotary force dependent on?

A

Magnitude of the force and its moment arm

32
Q

What is the moment arm (lever arm)?

A

The perpendicular distance from the line of action to the axis of rotation

33
Q

What is the center of gravity?

A

The point at which the total mass of a body is in balance in all planes

34
Q

When an object is symmetrical, where is the COG located?

A

In the center of the object

35
Q

When the object is asymmetrical, where is the COG?

A

Towards the heavier side of the object

36
Q

Where is the center of mass in relation to the vertebral column?

A

S2

37
Q

What happens when the COG moves over the base of support?

A

The body will not be able to stand

38
Q

What are some things that affect stability?

A

Base of support, placement of the line of gravity relative to the base of support, height of the COG, and the mass of the object

39
Q

What is Newton’s 1st Law?

A

A body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced or outside set of forces

40
Q

What is inertia?

A

The resistance of an object to motion or change in motion

41
Q

What two types of motion does inertia apply to?

A

Linear motion and rotary motion

42
Q

Regarding linear motion, what is inertia dependent on?

A

Mass of the object

43
Q

Regarding rotary motion, what is inertia dependent on?

A

Mass of the object and the distance of the mass from the axis of motion (the closer the mass, the less the inertia)

44
Q

What is Newton’s 2nd Law?

A

When a force acts on an object, the object accelerates in direct proportion to the magnitude of the force applied and in inverse proportion to its mass

45
Q

What is Newton’s 3rd Law?

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

46
Q

What is a linear force system?

A

When two or more forces act on the same segment in the same plane and in the same line, the forces can be added together and result in a single resultant vector

47
Q

What is a concurrent force system?

A

When two or more forces meet at a common intersection but their action lines differ, a resultant force is created - forces in two different directions equal a resultant force

48
Q

What happens when the force is at 90 degrees?

A

All of the forces are going in the downward direction

49
Q

What are the two types of force components and how are they applied in relation to a segment?

A
  1. Rotary component (Fy) - perpendicular to the segment

2. Translatory component (Fx) - parallel to the segment

50
Q

What is a parallel force system?

A

Occurs when two parallel forces are acting on the same object at different locations

51
Q

What is a general force system?

A

A force system that does not fit in the three categories of force systems (concurrent force system, linear force system, or parallel force system)

52
Q

What is a first class lever system?

A

When the axis is between the force line (effort force) and the resistance line (resistance force)

53
Q

Which force always wins and which always loses?

A

Effort force = always wins

Resistance force = always loses

54
Q

What is a second class lever?

A

When the resistance line if between the force line and the axis

55
Q

What is a third class lever system?

A

When the force line is between the resistance line and the axis

56
Q

What is the equation for mechanical advantage?

A

MA = force (effort) arm / resistance arm

57
Q

When is a system considered inefficient and efficient and which levers are which?

A

1 = efficient

1st - depends
2nd - good
3rd - poor

58
Q

What is friction?

A

The force created between two contacting surfaces that tend to rub or slide past one another

59
Q

What are four things that the magnitude of friction depends on?

A

Texture of the surfaces, how much force is pressing the two surfaces together, whether friction prevents or resists the motion, and at what time the object moves

60
Q

When is friction the greatest?

A

Right before it moves

61
Q

What is the idea behind tensile forces?

A

The more we pull, the more resistance is created

62
Q

What is a mechanical advantage of third class levers?

A

Increased ROM

63
Q

What is a force couple?

A

When two or more forces creates a single motion

64
Q

What is work and what is the equation?

A

A transfer of energy resulting in motion or displacement

W = force x distance

65
Q

What is negative and positive work?

A 
Positive = force and movement in the same direction
Negative = force and movement in opposite directions
66
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity of a body to perform work

67
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A

Kinetic energy - energy of motion

Potential energy - stored energy

68
Q

What is power and what is the equation?

A

Rate of work production

P = work / time

69
Q

What are closed kinetic chain exercises?

A

When both ends of the segments are constrained - two or more joints are affected

70
Q

What are open kinetic chain exercises?

A

When the distal end of the segment is free to move in open space

71
Q

What is rotary motion?

A

Occurs when the segment moves in a curved path around a fixed axis - aka angular displacement

Kinesiology - Test 1 (3 decks)

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