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pe atar > biomechanics > Flashcards

biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

what is newtons second law?

A

acceleration - the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of force applied to it and inversely proportional and to the mass of the object. The object will accelerate in the same direction as the force applied to it.

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2
Q

velocity:

A

displacement / time

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3
Q

speed:

A

distance / time

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4
Q

momentum:

A

mass x velocity

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5
Q

conservation of momentum:

A

After a collision between two objects or more, the momentum of all the bodies will be conserved after the collision

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6
Q

angular momentum:

A

Moment of inertia x angular velocity.

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7
Q

moment of inertia:

A

mass x radius^2. the reluctancy of an object to rotate. smaller resistance arm means smaller MOI. larger resistance arm means larger MOI

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8
Q

torque:

A

force x perpendicular distance of lever arm. eccentric or off centre force.

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9
Q

how to increase torque:

A
  • increase perpendicular distance of torque applied
  • decrease resistance arm size
  • increase force applied
  • increase motor unit firing ability (via gym program)
  • apply force as close to 90 degrees perpendicular as possible
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10
Q

what types of levers are there:

A
  • 1st class
  • 2nd class
  • 3rd class
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11
Q

1st class lever:

A

axis in the middle

- catapult, javelin throw, basketball free throw

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12
Q

2nd class lever:

A

resistance in the middle

- wheelbarrow, high jump, volleyball spike

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13
Q

3rd class lever:

A

force in the middle, designed for speed

- every other human joint/movement

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14
Q

force arm:

A

the distance between the force and the axis. the longer the force arm, the greater the torque that can be produced

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15
Q

resistance arm:

A

the distance between the resistance and the axis. the longer the resistance arm, the greater the speed produced by the arm

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16
Q

how to increase newtons second law:

A
  1. hit object harder by: bigger back swing, use larger range of motion, get a run up prior to contact with ball, get stronger by gym program
  2. apply larger impulse: larger follow through
  3. aim in intended direction more accurately: follow through that way
  4. use lighter object to modify game for beginners or younger players
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17
Q

impulse:

A

force x time. the application of force over a time period.

18
Q

how to increase impulse:

A
  • increase force applied: getting run up, use more motor units, bigger range of motion, greater implementation of segmental interaction
  • increase the amount of time you apply force for by: following through
19
Q

coefficient of restitution:

A
  • the ratio between final relative velocity of an object compared to the initial relative velocity of the object after a collision.
  • the bounciness and springiness of a ball
20
Q

what does 1 mean in coefficient of restitution and what sporting ball is an example:

A
  • a perfectly elastic collision

- non existing

21
Q

what does 0.01 to 0.99 mean in coefficient of restitution and what sporting ball is an example:

A
  • an imperfectly elastic collision

- netball or basketball

22
Q

what does 0 mean in coefficient of restitution and what sporting ball is an example:

A
  • a perfectly inelastic collision

- shot-put

23
Q

what effects the coefficient of restitution:

A

heat

24
Q

what is Bernoullis principle?

A

when an object is moving through a fluid, the velocity placed on the object is inversely proportionate to the pressure on the object.

25
Q

lift:

A

the perpendicular force of an object due to the shape/angle of the object moving through a fluid.

26
Q

what are the 2 types of fluid flow:

A
  • laminar

- turbulant

27
Q

laminar flow:

A

smooth parallel layer of air (fluid) that moves around an object when moving through that fluid medium.

28
Q

turbulant flow:

A

the mixing of an adjacent fluid particles at the rear of an object moving through the fluid vortex/Eddie like characteristics of air particles. fast moving, chaotic nature

29
Q

boundary layer:

A
  • the immediate layer of fluid on/near the surface of an object as it moves through that fluid
  • golf balls, panels on soccer ball
30
Q

smooth sphere balls:

A
  • has laminar flow going over, however the fluid detaches early causing greater differential from the front and back. low pressure at the back, high pressure at the front
31
Q

dimpled/panelled balls:

A
  • promote turbulent flow around the ball in a boundary layer. separates from the ball/closer to the back, causing smaller pressure.
32
Q

drag:

A
  • the force enacted on an object as it moves through a fluid

- occurs when there is direct contact

33
Q

pressure/form drag:

A
  • pressure differential between the front and back of an object moving through a fluid
  • high pressure at the front, low pressure at the back
34
Q

how to minimise pressure/form drag:

A
  • taper the shape
35
Q

surface drag:

A
  • the drag created on an object moving through a fluid and the resulting friction created on the surface of the object
36
Q

how to minimise surface drag:

A
  • make the object as smooth as possible (swimming cap, shaved body, glossy paint on a car or boat)
37
Q

how to increase surface drag:

A
  • footy boots, sprinting spikes, surfboard wax, cricket ball for swing
38
Q

wave drag:

A
  • the drag created as an object/body interacts and moves through both water and air at the same time. as this occurs it causes waves to be generated which resists the object moving through the water.
39
Q

how to minimise wave drag:

A
  • increase the buoyancy of the object
  • travel underwater completely if possible
  • smaller length of watercraft
40
Q

buoyancy:

A
  • the ability of an object to float and/or rise to the top of a fluid

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