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Sport And Exercise Science > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanics

A

a branch of maths dealing with motion and forces producing motion.

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2
Q

Biomechanics

A

Study of mechanics in biological systems like humans.

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3
Q

Force=

A

Mass x Acceleration

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4
Q

Distance =

A

Speed x Time

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5
Q

Momentum=

A

Mass x Velocity

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6
Q

Pythagoras=

A

A squared + B squared = C squared

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7
Q

Velocity=

A

change in displacement/change in time

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8
Q

Speed=

A

Distance/Time

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9
Q

Mass=

A

Force/Acceleration

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10
Q

Acceleration=

A

Force/Mass

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11
Q

SOH Sine=

A

Opposite/Hypotenuse

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12
Q

CAH Cosine=

A

Adjacent/Hypotenuse

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13
Q

TOA Tan=

A

Opposite/Adjacent

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14
Q

Distance

A
  • Distance is measured along the path of motion.
  • refers to the sum of all movements in whatever direction
  • 1 lap of the track = 400m
  • distance is a scalar quantity.
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15
Q

Scalar

A

a simple measure of magnitude (how big, fast, long… something is)

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16
Q

Displacement

A
  • Linear displacement is measured in a straight line from the initial position to the final position.
  • when a runner completes a lap of the track, linear displacement is 0m.
    Displacement is a vector
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17
Q

Vector

A

A vector quantity has a magnitude and direction. Displacement is 21m right for example.

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18
Q

Angular Distance

A

length of the angular path that an object travels

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19
Q

Angular Displacement

A

The angle between the final position and the initial position

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20
Q

Angular Speed/Velocity

A

Rate of change, over time, in angular distance/displacement

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21
Q

Angular Acceleration

A

Rate of change, over time, in angular velocity

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22
Q

Converting Radians to Degrees

A

Multiply by 180 and divide by Pi

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23
Q

Converting Degrees to Radians

A

Multiply by Pi and divide by 180

24
Q

Converting degrees into revolutions

A

Divide by 360

25
Q

Clockwise and Anticlockwise positive or negative

A

Clockwise is negative
Anticlockwise is positive

Right hand rule

26
Q

What is important about our calibration object

A

size, shape, number of points, location in the field of view

27
Q

Considerations when recording videos

A

Capture area, Camera set-up and Calibration

28
Q

Force

A
  • A force can be thought of as a push or pull acting on the body.
  • Each force is characterised by its magnitude, direction and point of application
29
Q

Examples of Force

A

Body Weight, Gravity, Air/Water resistance, Friction

30
Q

Friction

A

Friction is a force acting parallel to the interface of 2 surfaces that are contacted during the motion or impeding motion of 1 surface as it moves over the other.

31
Q

Newtons First Law (of inertia)

A
  • a body will continue in its state of rest or motion in a straight line unless acted upon by external forces.
  • Thus, unless a net force is exerted on an object, the object will remain stationary or move uniformly.
  • This is the law of inertia
32
Q

Newtons Second Law (of acceleration)

A
  • if a ball is hit, it will travel in the direction of the line of action of the force applied and the resulting speed is dependent upon the amount of force applied.
  • the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the force causing it and the change takes place in the direction in which the force acts.
  • thus, if the force is constant, acceleration or deceleration will be constant
33
Q

Newtons Third Law

A
  • when one body exerts a force on a second, the second exerts a reaction force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.
  • for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
34
Q

Moment of Inertia

A
  • Moment of inertia is the inertial (tendency of a body to resist its state of motion) property for rotating bodies, that increases with both mass and the distance the mass is distributed from the axis of rotation.
35
Q 
How to Measure:
Weight- 
Muscle Strength- 
Impact Force-
Ground Reaction Force 
Acceleration-
A 
Weight= Scales 
Muscle Strength= Dynamometer 
Impact Force= Load Cells 
Ground Reaction Force= Force Plates 
Acceleration= Accelerometers
36
Q

Force Plates

A
  • A force plate is an electronic device that can measure ground reaction force.
  • A voltage is produced that is directly related to the amount of force applied
37
Q

Accelerometers

A
  • An accelerometer is an electronic device that can measure linear acceleration.
  • A voltage is produced that is directly related to the amount of force applied.
38
Q

Diverging and Converging Streamlines

A

Diverging Streamlines = Slowing Down

Converging Streamlines = Speeding Up

39
Q

Total Drag

A
  • Form/Profile Drag
  • Skin/Surface Drag
  • Wave Drag
40
Q

Centre of Mass

A
  • is the point of an object around which the mass is equally distributed.
  • is the point of an object which the line of action of the weight force can be assumed to act.
  • is the point of an object, gravity is considered to act through.
41
Q

Location of COM

A
  • in symmetrical, homogenous objects, the COM is at the centre (ball or solid cube)
  • in objects with unequal mass distribution, COM shifts in the direction of the greater mass.
  • COM doesn’t always lie within the physical constraints of the body.
  • since humans are multisegmental, COM is not fixed.
42
Q

COM applied to high jump

A
  • COM is determined at take-off.
  • COM travels in a parabolic trajectory
  • Reposition segments so that the body clears the bar, whilst COM may pass under the bar.
43
Q

COM applied to long jump

A
  • better athletes lower their COM in the penultimate/last strides before take-off.
  • allows for longer time to generate take off velocity during final ground contact
44
Q

Balance method (finding COM)

A
  • because COM is the point about which mass is equally distributed, it is the point around which the body is balanced.
  • determine the balance point in all planes and locate the intersection.
  • fine for regular shaped, single segment objects, but for humans, multiple segments means COM is not fixed.
45
Q

Reaction Board method (finding COM)

A
  • uses the principles of resultant torques and equilibrium.
  • rigid board with 2 sharp supports (one on a block and the other on a set of scales)
  • because the system is in equilibrium, by taking a few measurements, we can locate the COM.
46
Q

Segmentation method (finding COM)

A
  • an indirect method
  • based on inertia modelling
  • COM location for different segments is obtained by using photos/videos of movement combined with average segment characteristics.
47
Q

Equilibrium

A
  • a state of balanced forces and torques

- all forces and torques in all directions must equal zero

48
Q

what governs stability

A
  • base of support

- centre of mass position

49
Q

Base of Support

A
  • not necessarily in contact with the ground
  • close to the edge of the BoS is less stable
  • wider base of support generally increases stability and is direction dependent
50
Q

Height of COM

A
  • lowering the COM increases stability
51
Q

Unstable

A

if pushed, a body will move and continue to move, until it reaches a stable position.

52
Q

Neutrally Stable

A

if pushed, a body will move into a new position where it will remain.

53
Q

Stable

A

if pushed, a body will move then return to its original position

54
Q

mass in relation to stability

A
  • measure of resistance to linear acceleration

- mass increases = greater stability

55
Q

what 3 systems combine to produce balance

A

vestibular, visual and somatosensory systems

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