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A level PE - Biomechanics > Biomechanical Principles & Linear Motion > Flashcards

Biomechanical Principles & Linear Motion Flashcards

1
Q

What is linear motion?

A

Movement in a straight line

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2
Q

How do you calculate speed?

A

Distance divided by time

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3
Q

How do you calculate velocity?

A

Displacement divided by time

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4
Q

How do you work out acceleration?

A

Change in velocity divided by time

Vf-vi / t

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5
Q

What is acceleration measured in?

A

m/s/s

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6
Q

Name Newton’s 3 laws of motion

A

1st - Inertia
2nd - Acceleration
3rd - Reaction

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7
Q

Describe Newton’s 1st Law

A

Inertia

a body continues in a state of rest or constant motion unless acted upon by an external force

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8
Q

Describe Newton’s 2nd Law

A

Acceleration

the rate pf change of momentum of an object is proportional to the size of the force applied

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9
Q

Describe Newton’s 3rd Law

A

every force exerted by one body onto another has an equal and opposite reaction

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10
Q

What is acceleration?

A

the rate of change of velocity

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11
Q

How do you calculate acceleration

A

change in velocity divided by time

vf-vi / t

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12
Q

What is acceleration measure in?

A

m/s/s

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13
Q

How do you measure velocity?

A

displacement divided by time

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14
Q

How do you measure speed?

A

distance divided by time

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15
Q

What is distance?

A

the path taken from point 1 to point 2

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16
Q

What is displacement?

A

the shortest straight line route from a to b (as the crow flies)

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17
Q

What is velocity?

A

how quickly you can move in a certain direction

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18
Q

What is speed?

A

how quickly you move

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19
Q

what are speed and velocity measured in?

A

m/s

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20
Q

If a distance/time graph is a straight horizontal line what does this show?

A

stationary

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21
Q

If a distance/time graph shows a straight diagonal line what does this show?

A

constant velocity

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22
Q

If a distance/time graph curves upwards to the right what does this show?

A

acceleration

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23
Q

If a velocity/time graph shows a straight horizontal line, what does this show?

A

constant velocity

24
Q

If a velocity/time graph curves upwards to the right what does this show?

A

acceleration

25
Q

Define the term ‘force’

A

a push or pull that alters the state of motion of a body

26
Q

What is net force?

A

the overall force acting on a body when all the individual forces have been considered

27
Q

What is a balanced force?

A

when 2 or more forces acting on the body are equal in size but opposite in direction. The resultant net force is 0

28
Q

What is the resultant net force of a balanced force?

A

0

29
Q

What is an unbalanced force?

A

When force acting in one direction is greater in size than a force acting in the opposite direction.
The resultant force is either positive or negative

30
Q

Name the 2 vertical forces

A

weight and reaction

31
Q

Name the 2 horizontal forces

A

friction and air resistance

32
Q

What is weight force?

A

the force exerted on a body by the Earth’s attraction

33
Q

What is weight measured in?

A

Newtons

34
Q

What is reaction force?

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

35
Q

Where does the arrow on a free body diagram go for weight?

A

from the centre of mass (usually around the belly button) down to the floor

36
Q

Where does the arrow on a free body diagram go for reaction?

A

from the points in contact with the floor upwards.

The bigger the force, the bigger the arrows

37
Q

What is friction?

A

the force that acts in opposition to the movement of one surface over another

38
Q

What is air resistance?

A

the force acting in the opposite direction to the motion of a body travelling through air

39
Q

Where does the arrow on a free body diagram go for friction?

A

from the points in contact with the ground, forwards

40
Q

Where does the arrow go on a free body diagram for air resistance?

A

from the centre of mass backwards

41
Q

What factors affect friction?

A

surface characteristics

temperature of the two surfaces

42
Q

How do surface characteristics affect friction?

A 
rough surface (e.g. spikes on an athletics track) increases friction
smooth surface (e.g. ski's on ice) reduces friction
43
Q

How does temperature of the two surfaces affect friction?

A 
an increase in temperature will either increase or decrease friction depending on the surface characteristics
skis on snow - an increased temperature reduces friction
rubber surfaces (e.g. tyres on a car) - an increase in temperature increases friction
44
Q

What is the net force if AR = F?

A

net force =0 (balanced)

45
Q

What is the net force and direction of motion if AR>F

A

direction of motion = forwards
net force = negative (unbalanced)
this means you are decelerating

46
Q

What is the net force if AR

A

direction of motion = forwards
net force = positive (unbalanced)
this means you are accelerating

47
Q

What is the net force if W = R?

A

net force = 0 (balanced)

48
Q

What is the net force and direction of motion if W > R?

A

Direction of motion = downwards
net force = negative (balanced)
e.g. you are pushing down into the floor before take off for a jump

49
Q

What is the net force and direction of motion if W < R

A

Direction of motion = upwards
net force = positive (balanced)
e.g. you are taking off of the ground in a jump

50
Q

What is Impulse?

A

Impulse = a product of force x the time it acts for (Ns)

51
Q

What can impulse be increased by?

A

greater muscular force = greater impulse

greater time a force is applied for = greater impulse

52
Q

What do force/time graphs show?

A

Impulse

53
Q

What does a negative section on a force/time graph for a high jumper at take off show?

A

pushing downwards into the ground

54
Q

If the positive section of a force/time graph is greater than the negative section for a sprinter what does this indicate?

A

that they are accelerating

55
Q

If the negative section of a force/time graph is greater than the positive section for a sprinter what does this indicate?

A

that they are decelerating

56
Q

If the positive and negative sections of a force time graph are of similar levels for a sprinter what does this show?

A

they’re at a constant / maximum speed

A level PE - Biomechanics (3 decks)

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