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KNPE 254: Biomechanical Analysis of Human Analysis > Biomechanical Measurement and Modelling > Flashcards

Biomechanical Measurement and Modelling Flashcards

1
Q

How do we measure kinematics

A

-motion capture

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2
Q

Characteristics of motion capture

A

-accuracy
-capture rate
-measure volume
-easy use

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3
Q

Motion capture accuracy

A

-how accurately position can be estimated

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4
Q

Motion capture rate

A

-number of still frames captured per unit time

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5
Q

Motion capture measure volume

A

-volume of space in which marker position can be accurately determined

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6
Q

Motion capture easy use

A

-fast to instrument

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7
Q

Motion capture non-optical systems

A

-mechanical
-inertial
-magnetic

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8
Q

Mechanical motion capture

A

-electronic goniometers/exoskeletons that sense joint angle
-inexpensive, unlimited capture volume
-cumbersome, few angles possible

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9
Q

Inertial motion capture

A

-accelerometer and rate gyro signals to determine position
-untethered, unlimited capture volume
-accuracy not always great because of drift

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10
Q

Magnetic motion capture

A

-sensors that detect position with respect to a source magnetic field
-no optical occulsion
-wires, complex

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11
Q

Motion capture optical systems

A

-passive marker
-active marker
-markerless

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12
Q

Passive marker motion capture

A

-light is reflected off markers and captured by cameras
-no wires required
-marker overlap and occlusion can happen

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13
Q

Active marker motion capture

A

-LED markers emit light in a sequence capture by cameras
-no marker confusion
-wires required and occlusion

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14
Q

Markerless motion capture

A

-automatically identify body landmarks from images
-no markers, no overlap or occlusion
-early stages

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15
Q

How many cameras are needed for a 2D image

A

-1 camera

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16
Q

How many cameras are needed for a 3D image

A

-2 or more cameras with appropriate calibration

17
Q

How do we measure kinetics?

A

-strain gauge
-force plates

18
Q

Strain gauge

A

-measures strain (change in length) under tension and compression

19
Q

How does a strain gauge work

A

-there is a wire inside that can increase (stretched wire) or decrease (compressed wire) resistance
-to estimate level of force you measure the voltage drop across strain gauge

20
Q

Force plates

A

-used to measure forces and torques under foot
-uses a network of strain gauges

21
Q

What measures do we get out of force plates

A

-3 forces: Fx, Fy, Fz
-3 torques: Mx, My, Mz

22
Q

How do we measure muscle activation

A

-electromyography

23
Q

Electromyography

A

-measures current generated by ionic flow across membrane of muscle fibres

24
Q

Types of EMG electrodes

A

-surface
-fine wire
-needle

25
Q

Sources of noise from EMG signal

A

-noise in electronics components in detection and recording equipment
-ambient noise from sources of electromagnetic radiation (radio, TV etc)
-soft tissue artifact
-electric voltage from heart

26
Q

Forward dynamics

A

-measure: kinetics
-calculate/estimate: kinematics

27
Q

Inverse dynamics

A

-measure: kinematics
-calculate/estimate: kinetics

28
Q

System identification

A

-measure: kinematics and kinetics
-calculate/estimate: inertial properties (mass, mass distribution)

29
Q

Reasons why foot length may change between frames

A

-soft tissue artifact
-out of plane movement
-body as a non-rigid object

30
Q

Soft tissue artifact

A

-the markers are sitting on the skin and fat
-therefore the markers may move during movement

31
Q

Out of plane movement

A

-if you are recording in a 2D direction and are walking in a motion falling outside of the sagittal plane it would fall out of range and therefore the length of the foot would be changing

32
Q

Body as a non-rigid object

A

-foot length may change because there is different amount of stress being applied to the foot and it an be strained in different ways
-the body is not a rigid object

KNPE 254: Biomechanical Analysis of Human Analysis (3 decks)

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