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BMSc > Biomech Unit 3 Part 1 > Flashcards

Biomech Unit 3 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of joints are the knee, hip and ankle - what are they required for?

A

synovial joints - weight bearing and movement

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2
Q

Describe the hip joint shape

A

ball (head of femur) and socket (acetabulum of pelvic girdle)

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3
Q

What are the movemetns the hip joint can produce?

A

flexion/extension, ab/adduction, internal and external rotation, circumduction

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4
Q

Describe a synovial joint

A

surfaces of bones that form the joint are covered in articular cartilage. A tough fibrous joint capsule encloses the joint and forms the synovial cavity. This is filled with synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant provided nutriets to the AC. The fluid is produced by the synovial membrane on the inner surface of capsule

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5
Q

Why are hip joints rare in adults

A

It is intrinsically stable as it hada very strong joint capsule and several ligaments. As well as several strong muscles surrounding it

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6
Q 
Hip range of movements 
Flexion 
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Ex. Rotation
Int. Rotation
A 
F: 0 -140 
E:0 - 20
Adb: 0 -30
Add: 0 -25
Ext R 0 - 90 
Int R: 0 - 70
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7
Q

functional range of movement
Flex/ext
Add-abd

A

f/e 120
ad-ab: 20
12 in others

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8
Q

What percent of total body weight is the upper body?

A

70%

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9
Q

Name the two articulations of the knee joint

A

tibiofemoral and the patellofemoral

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10
Q

What covers the proximal tibia surface - describe it

A

The menisci - two crescent shaped pieces of fibrocartilage attached to the tibia by short tough ligaments

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11
Q

What is the function of the menisci

A

They make the the tibia plateau slightly concave to aid stability, distribute load and absorb shock

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12
Q

Describe the distal end of the femur

A

Two rounded condyles covered in articular cartilage with trochlear at the front and inter-condylar notch where the cruciate ligaments sit

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13
Q

What kind of the bone is the patella - describe.

A

sesamoid bone - bone found in a tendon

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14
Q

Which muscle is the patella embedded in

A

quadriceps femoris

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15
Q

How does the patella move smoothly

A

it has two depressions that correlate to the femoral condyles - the ridge between guides its movement

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16
Q

What attachs to the fibula

A

lateral collateral ligament and the biceps femoris muscle

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17
Q

What structures keep the knee stable

A

The cruciate ligaments from the femur sliding over the tibia and hyperextension, collateral ligaments in ab/duciton, mensici and quadriceps prevent instability esp rotational

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18
Q

Why isnt the knee a hinge joint

A

It;s centre of rotation moves in circle when considered in the sagittal plane and it has a screw-home mechanism

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19
Q

Describe the screw-home mechanism of the knee

A

As the knee flexes the tibia rotates internally and ext. when knee extends. This means it moves in a spiral motion when all planes are considered. This is due to the medial condyle being larger than the lateral condyle

20
Q 
ROM of the knee 
extension 
flexion
abduction*
adduction*
Internal and external in nex questio n
A

E: few degrees
F: 140
Ab and Ad depend on knee flexion (optimum is 30) but stil few degrees

21
Q

Describe internal and external rotation of the knee

A

Few degrees when flexion 0 due to interlocking tibia and femoral condyles. Rotation is increased at felxions increases to 90 degrees. ER: 0 - 45 and IR 0 - 30

22
Q

Functional ROM of knee

A

Full extension and 115 degrees flexion

10 degrees rotation

23
Q

What is the patellas main function?

A

To increase the lever arm of the quadriceps muscle (effort) so it can overcome the resistive force - most effect when the knee is full extended

24
Q

What is the outcome of a patelloectomy

A

as the lever arm is reduced greatly the quads msut produce a greater force to over come resistance

25
Q

What would happen if the menisci was removed

A

forces would be concentrated to a small area therefore stress going thorguh the bones woudl increase causing more wear and tear

26
Q

Where is the blood supply in the menisci

A

outer layer

27
Q

What are the articulations of the ankle

A

tibiotalar, fibulotalar, distal tibiofibular

28
Q

What is the lateral mallelous

A

bony prominence of distal end of the fibula

29
Q

Name the ligaments that keep the ankle stable

A

anterior inferioor talofibular ligaent, medial ligament, lateral ligament

30
Q

What kind of joint is the ankle

A

hinge

31
Q

ROM of ankle joint
dorsiflexion
plantarfelxion

A

DF: 10-20
PF: 25-35

32
Q

Walking ROM
DF
PF

A

DF: 10
PF: 15

33
Q

What is a sprained ankle and how is it caused

A

partial tear of the anterior inferior talofibular ligament - sudden adduction while foot is plantarflexed

34
Q

How many bones and joints are there in the foot

A

26 bones and 57 synovial joints

35
Q

What is the hindfoot

A

talus and calcaneus

36
Q

Midfoot

A

cuboid, medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiforms and navicular

37
Q

Forefoot

A

metatarsals and phalanges

38
Q

What is the talus and calcaneus joint called

A

subtalar joint

39
Q

Describe the subtalars joint position

A

42 degrees to plantar surface and 16 degrees medial to midline

40
Q

What does the subtalar joint allow

A

inversion (20 degrees) and eversion (5 degrees)

41
Q

walkign ROM of e and inversion

A

6 degrees

42
Q

Describe the shape of the foot

A

two-way arched structure - longitudinal and transverse

43
Q

How many longitdinal arches are there

A

5 that run from calcaeneus along the 5 metatarsals

44
Q

What supports the longitudinal arch - location

A

plantar fascia - extends fro calcaneus to attach to the proximal phalanges

45
Q

The plantar fascia is flexible and can extend a large amont

A

FALSE it is a heavy ligament that elongates only slightly when loaded

46
Q

Why is it important during standing the plantar fasia and longitudinal arch act like a truss?

A

prevents the vertical downwards force at ankle joint collapsing the arches

47
Q

What happens when toes dorsiflex

A

The two ends of the foot are drawn together to form a higher longitudinal arch - bones are help tightly together and function as a signle unit

BMSc (8 decks)

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