Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomaterials > Biomaterials I > Flashcards

Biomaterials I Flashcards

1
Q

SIMS

A

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Measures secondary ions for surface chemistry characterization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

SEM

A

Scanning Electron Microscopy. Measures secondary electrons for surface imaging.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

PEG

A

Poly(ethylene glycol). Hydrogel with superior protein adsorption resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Platelets

A

a.k.a Thrombocytes. Nonnucleated fragments (no nucleus; no DNA) of megakaryocytes that circulate in the blood. Critical to hemostasis (i.e. blood clot formation). Inner granules contain GF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fg

A

Fibrinogen. Plasma glycoprotein that is converted into fibrin by thrombin during blood coagulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vWF

A

von Willebrand Factor. Blood glycoprotein that binds to collagen and platelets, furthering platelet adhesion. Furthers the coagulation cascade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heparin

A

Highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan used as an anticoagulant on material surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Macrophages

A

Derived from monocytes. Part of innate immune response. Kill foreign bodies by engulfing them (phagocytose). Become dominant cell type after days-weeks of inflammatory response. Greater, more sustainable killing capabilities than neutrophils. Also an antigen-presenting cell (APC).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A function of leukocytes as a part of the innate immune response. Engulfing of foreign bodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endothelium

A

Layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Made up of endothelial cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adventitia

A

Outermost connective tissue covering the blood vessel wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

Involuntary non-striated muscle between the endothelium and the adventitia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thrombin

A

Protein part of blood coagulation cascade. Converts factors such as fibrinogen to fibrin for fibrous clot formation. Also promotes platelet activation and aggregation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Collagen

A

Protein found in connective tissue as fibrils. Can encourage platelet adhesion and activation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Embolization

A

When pieces of clot break off and are carried elsewhere in the circulatory system. Increase risk of stroke.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fibronectin

A

High MW glycoprotein that binds collagen, fibrin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the ECM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Granulocytes

A

Type of leukocyte that looks granular. Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Phagocytose foreign invaders and aid in inflammatory response. Nuclei divided into lobes (look like multiple nuclei).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Monocytes

A

Type of leukocyte. Nuclei not divided. Large phagocytotic ability and play central role in inflammatory response. Become tissue macrophages. Arrive 4-5 hrs after inflammatory response begins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lymphocytes

A

aka plasma cells. Type of leukocyte. Include T and B cells and act as part of adaptive immune response. Divided into memory cells (respond more rapidly if exposed to the same pathogen a second time) and effector cells (produce antibodies or other to remove foreign invaders).

20
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Type of leukocyte only found in bone marrow. Fragments to produce platelets which assist in clotting formation.

21
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Rubor (redness), Tumor (swelling), Calore (tissue heating), Dolore (pain). Result of acute inflammation.

22
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Marked by ‘cardinal signs.’ Occur in the first hours/days. Controlled by complement system and T-type lymphocytes

23
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Persists over weeks to months.

24
Q

Extravasation

A

Movement of neutrophils out of the blood vessels and into tissue.

25
Q

Acute inflammation cascade

A
  1. Blood vessels in nearby regions vasodilate (rubor and calore) 2. Increased permeability leads to fluid leakage into interstitial space 3. Blood proteins encourage clotting to wall off injury 4. Granulocytes and monocytes attracted to area and phagocytose (tumor) 5. Kinin by product in cascade causes dolore.
26
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical mediator secreted by neutrophils to promote granulocyte migration, lymphocyte activation, more neutrophil and monocyte attraction, tissue factor release, and limitation of inflammatory response.

27
Q

Respiratory Burst

A

Exhibited by neutrophils to cause formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Used as another means to kill foreign organisms and promote corrosion and oxidative degradation of biomaterials in vivo. May also cause unwanted tissue damage.

28
Q

Frustrated phagocytosis

A

Involves release of lysosomal enzymes, etc when particle is too large to be taken into the cell ( > 5 micrometers).

29
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Uses antibodies to detect particular proteins. The secondary antibody is linked with an enzyme that interacts with a substrate to change color once bound.

30
Q

Granulation Tissue

A

Begins to form 3-5 days after injury. Granular appearance due to neovascularization and angiogenisis.

31
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Synthesize and maintain connective tissues by producing ECM rich in collagen and proteoglycans. Sometimes take on smooth muscle cell features as myofibroblasts which are responsible for wound contraction.

32
Q

Foreign Body Giant Cells (FBGCs)

A

Multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of monocytes/macrophages in an attempt to phagocytose materials much larger than a single cell. May be dependent on the surface roughness of the material.

33
Q

Fibrous Encapsulation

A

Final stage in healing for implants made from non-degradable materials. Granulation tissue maturation (larger blood vessels, collagen fiber alignment

34
Q

Long-term capsule formation depends on:

A
  1. Degree of original injury during implantation 2. Amt of subsequent cell death 3. Location 4.Degradation time of implant
35
Q

Thickness of fibrous capsule depends on:

A
  1. Amt and composition (i.e. cytotoxicity) of small particulates produced (directly prop to amt) 2. Mechanical factors at implant site (directly prop) 3. Shape of implant (thicker over edges and changes in surface/material) 4. Electrical currents (if present)
36
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Characterized by presence of mononuclear cells such as lymphocytes and plasma cells which may also indicate triggering of the adaptive immune response. May include granulomas: layer of FBGCs, within epitheloid cells (modified macrophages) within a layer of lymphocytes. May be a result of chem/phys properties of the material or motion at the implantation site.

37
Q

Types of resolution

A
  1. Extrusion (removal of the material through the top layer of skin) 2. Resorption (Degradation of the material - may lead to no capsule formation, or capsule may collapse, remain, or be replaced) 3. Tissue grows into implant with not fibrous capsule) 4. Encapsulation (Fibrous capsule formation for non-resorbable materials).
38
Q

Tissue engineering: repair

A

Wound replaced with scar tissue - different structure, biochem composition, and/or mechanical properties

39
Q

Tissue engineering: regeneration

A

Wound replaced with identical tissue.

39
Q

Xenogenic

A

Animal derived-different species

40
Q

Allogenic

A

Same species, different individual

41
Q

Autogenic

A

Same individual

42
Q

Osteoconductive

A

Scaffold facilitates bone growth from osteoblastic cells

43
Q

Osteoinductive

A

Causes differentiation of progenitor or stem cells into osteoblasts

44
Q

Osteogenic

A

De novo bone formation without host cell invasion

45
Q

Histology

A

Tissue structure analysis by sectioning and staining. Observe if greater fiber or cell.

46
Q

IHC

A

Immunohistochemistry. Form of immunofluorescence. Looking for specific protein expression.

Biomaterials (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions