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Advances in Biomaterials > Biomaterials From Renewable Resources > Flashcards

Biomaterials From Renewable Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What is circular manufacturing?

A

This is the focus on sustainable production by making products and processes that minimise waste and maximise material resuse/recycling.
It aims to create a closed loop system by reducing reliance on new resources and environmental impact

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2
Q

Describe the diagram for circular manufacturing

A
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3
Q

Describe the outlining process to protein extraction to form biomaterials

A
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4
Q

Where is Chitosan sourced from?

A
  • The shells of insects and crustaceans
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5
Q

What functional group is removed to convert chitin into chitosan? and how is this done?

A

COCH3 - acetyl group
Acetylation using NaOH

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6
Q

Describe the process of converting Insect shells to chitosan

A
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7
Q

What happens to the properties of Chitin when it converts to chitosan in acetylation?

A

It turns from insoluble to soluble

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8
Q

What is chitosan used for?

A

Many biomedical applications:
Hydrogels
Drug delivery when crosslinked with TPP
nanoparticles for Gene therapy
Antimicrobial agents

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9
Q

Where does alginate come from?

A

seaweed

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10
Q

Name a few applications of alginate

A

wound dressings, drug capsules, hydrogels

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11
Q

Explain how Seaweed is converted into Alginate

A
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12
Q

Where is keratin sourced from?

A

Sheep wool

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13
Q

Explain the process by which wool is converted into keratin

A
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14
Q

Where is Hyaluronic acid sourced from?

A

Egg shells

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15
Q

What are some key properties of hyaluronic acid?

A

Antimicrobial
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-oxidant

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16
Q

Explain how a patch is produced from egg shells

A
17
Q

Describe the structure of an egg shell membrane

A
  • Outer ESM (60 micrometers) acts as a pathogen barrier and supports calcium deposition to form the shell
  • Inner ESM (30 micrometers)
    These are both collagen rich protein matrices that offer support.
  • The limiting membrane (0.1 micrometer) thin layer of lipids and proteins that regulate the osmotic balance, controlling movement of solutes from albumen to membrane
18
Q

Name some uses of decalcified egg shell membrane (hyaluronic acid)

A

1) scaffolds for tissue engineering
2) Patches
3) In-vitro membrane for drug penetration testing
4) Nano particles

19
Q

What types of collagen are there?

A

Bovine (from cattle)
Marine Collagen (Pepsin soluble collage and Acid soluble collagen)

20
Q

Name some advantages and limitations to using collagen

A

Advantages
+ Easy to extract
+ No religious restrictions
+ Less animal disease
+ Nature friendly
Limitations
- Low melting point
- Low mechanical properties
- High degradation rates

21
Q

Explain how Acid Soluble Collagen and Pepsin Soluble collagen are extracted from marine waste

A
22
Q

What are the steps involved in extracting collagen from rat tails

A

1) Wash and Remove impurities in acetic acid
2) Dissolve further in acetic acid
3) Centrifuge, degas and sterilise the solution
4) Neutralise the solution with NaOH

23
Q

What are some key differences between marine and bovine collagen?

A

Bovine:
- Rich in type 1 and 2 collagen
- Biodegrades more slowly
- Better for bone tissue engineering

Marine:
- Only has type 1 collagen (less stable)
- Worse for bone tissue engineering
- Good for skin and health hydration

24
Q

Where is silk fibroin sourced from?

A

Silk worms and spider silk

25
Q

What are some applications of silk fibroin

A
  • hydrogels, medical device coatings, tissue scaffolds, drug delivery
26
Q

What are some key defining properties of silk fibroin?

A
  • It is biocompatible
  • High mechanical strength
  • Biodegradable
  • Useful in regenerative medicine
27
Q

Where can cellulose be extracted from>

A

Most abundant polysaccharide on earth
Any plant cell , wood, nut shells, plant and fruit waste

28
Q

Explain how Cellulose is extracted from plant waste

A
29
Q

What is the hierarchal structure of cellulose?

A

Plant
Cell wall
Microfibrils
Cellulose polymers
B-glucose monomers

30
Q

Where is PLA sourced from?

A

Starch, and some cheap starch sources are corn and potatoes

31
Q

Explain how starch is converted into PLA?

A

1) Starch source is hydrolysed into its constituent glucose monomers
2) Bacteria are used to ferment the glucose into lactic acid
3) Lactic acid is processed into lactide and then polymerised into PLA for engineering

32
Q

Explain how starch is converted into PCL

A
  • Similar to PLA
    1) Starch is hydrolysed into its constituent glucose monomers
    2) This is then fermented by microorganisms to produce lactic acid
    3) Lactic acid is polymerised into PCL chains
33
Q

What is unique about PCL and PLA?

A

They can be linked together to form copolymers with very tuneable properties
Eg, the degradation rate, mechanical strength, thermal stability, flexibility and biocompatibility can be adjusted by changing the polymer ratio

34
Q

What is PHA? and where is it sourced from?

A

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (ester)
Malt

35
Q

How is PHA created?

A

1) Cultivating PHA synthesising bacteria
2) Once the culture is large enough, limit the available nutrients and provide an excess of sugars from malt
3) Under the nutrient limited environment, PHA accumulates in the bacteria stores
4) These stores are harvested by lysing the cells

36
Q

List a few uses of PHA

A
  • Sutures
  • Tissue engineering scaffold
  • Heart Valves
  • Stents
37
Q

What is Casein and where is it sourced?

A

A monomer from heating milk with acid

38
Q

What makes casein so good for drug delivery?

A
  • It has good emulsification and gelation properties
39
Q

How does casein form a bioplastic?

A

It is produced from heating milk with acid.
The casein monomers can then be unfolded and reorganised to form a polymer chain bioplastic

Advances in Biomaterials (9 decks)

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