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Dental Materials > Biomaterials > Flashcards

Biomaterials Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main material categories?

A

Metal, Ceramic, Polymer —-composite = polymer + ceramic

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2
Q

Define Biomaterials

A

Materials used to construct artificial organs, rehabilitation devices, or prostheses and replace natural body tissues without causing any harm or negative effects.
ie- materials used to replace body parts

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3
Q

Give examples of synthetic biomaterials.

A

composite, silicone impression material

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4
Q

Give examples of natural biomaterials.

A

alginate, hydrocolloids

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5
Q

Give examples of tissue-engineered biomaterials.

A

stem cells, replacement tissues

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6
Q

What is meant when talking about a materials structure?

A

bonds, anatomic arrangement, composition, defects

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7
Q

What is meant when talking about a materials properties?

A

physical, chemical, mechanical, degradation, biologic

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8
Q

What are the general mechanical concepts of metals?*

A

hard
ductile = tough
strong

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9
Q

What are the general mechanical concepts of ceramics?*

A

hard
brittle
strong

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10
Q

What are the general mechanical concepts of polymers?

A

soft
ductile = tough
weak

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11
Q

What are the general processing characteristics of metals and ceramics?

A

high processing temperatures - Thus used for more indirect processes (casting a crown)

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12
Q

What are the general processing characteristics of polymers?

A

low processing temperatures - Thus, used for more direct processes. (heavy and light body for a crown impression)

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13
Q

True or False - Metallic bonds are not directional

A

True

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14
Q

How many electrons are in the outer shell of a metal element?

A

1,2, or 3

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15
Q

True or False - Electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus of a metallic element.

A

False

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16
Q

What happens to a metal once it cools down from being heated to a molten metal?

A

crystallization of the metal occurs and forms grains (groups of crystals)

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of gold?

A 
most noble metal
most ductile and malleable metal
melts at 1063 degrees C
not tarnished by air or water
not soluble in HCl, H2SO4, or HNO3
can be etched by aqua regia
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18
Q

Is pure gold a good metal to produce a crown?

A

No, it would need to be mixed with alloy elements.

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19
Q

What is a metal alloy?

A

A mixture of 2 or more metals

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20
Q

What are some examples of metal alloys used in the oral cavity?

A

metal crowns

amalgam

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21
Q

Characteristic of metal alloy

A

Less ductile than a pure metal, but it is stronger

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22
Q

What are some examples of ceramics used in the oral cavity?

A

all ceramic crowns, cements, gypsum, denture teeth

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of ceramic?

A

ionic and covalent bonds

directional bonding

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24
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

one atom is an electron donor and another is an electron acceptor (a complete transfer of valence electrons)

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25
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

a sharing of electrons between two atoms

26
Q

Are covalent or ionic bonds stronger?

A

covalent

27
Q

What are the 3 most common ceramics in dentistry?

A

SiO2, Al2O3, K2O

28
Q

What is the building block of ceramics?

A

The SiO4 tetrahedron

29
Q

What are the types of microstructure a ceramic can have?

A

crystalline or noncrystalline

30
Q

What is an example of a crystalline ceramic?

A

Quartz or crystobalite

31
Q

What is an example of a noncrystalline ceramic?

A

amorphous silicate glass

32
Q

What microstructure do most dental materials have?

A

semicrystalline or polycrystalline

33
Q

What are gypsum and zinc phosphate?

A

aqueous cements

34
Q

What are some characteristics of polymers?

A

covalent bonds
high molecular weight
long molecules composed of nonmetallic elements

35
Q

What are some common uses for polymers in dentistry?

A

making provisionals (temp crowns)
adhesives (tray adhesive)
restoratives
registration material (blu-bite)

36
Q

What are some ways to process a polymer?

A

light activation
initiation of a monomer
propagation or termination of a free radical

37
Q

What is the formation of a polymer?

A

liquid(monomer) to solid (polymer) through polymerization

38
Q

What are the 4 stages of a chain reaction polymerization?

A

activation, initiation, propagation, termination

39
Q

What occurs during the activation stage?

A

the free radical is activated

40
Q

What occurs during the initiation stage?

A

the free radical binds with the monomer leaving a double bond opening

41
Q

What happens during the propagation stage?

A

chain growth, volume decrease, and shrinkage

42
Q

What are two monomer functional groups?

A

monomethacrylates

dimethacrylates

43
Q

Describe the structure of monomethacrylates.

A

linear chains

44
Q

Describe the structure of dimethacrylates.

A

branched and crosslinked

45
Q

Are polymerization reactions fast or slow to complete?

A

They are usually quick and can generate heat.

46
Q

What are some characteristics of direct restorations?

A

less preparation, one visit to complete, often do not last as long

47
Q

What are some characteristics of indirect restorations?

A

More preparation, expensive, longevity, multiple visits to complete

48
Q

What biomaterial(s) is/are typically an indirect approach to restoration?

A

metals and ceramics (high processing temperatures) EXCEPT: amalgam and cements

49
Q

What biomaterial(s) is/are typically a direct approach to restoration?

A

polymers (low processing temperature) EXCEPT indirect composites

50
Q

What is a composite?

A

mixture of metal and/or a ceramic and polymer

51
Q

What is “ rule of mixture”?

A

a weighted mean used to predict the properties of composite.

52
Q

What is density?

A

weight/volume

53
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

density of a material/density of water

54
Q

What is the density order of metals, ceramics, and polymers beginning with the most dense?

A

metal, ceramic, polymer

55
Q

What does a base need to be place under an amalgam restoration?

A

amalgam is a thermal conductor - heat from the environment can conduct through the amalgam and irritate the pulp, causing sensitivity to the patient

56
Q

Does a composite restoration need a base?

A

no, composite has a low thermal conductivity

57
Q

True or False - Color has 4 dimensions

A

False - it has 3

58
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of color?

A

Hue, Value, Chroma

59
Q

What is Hue?

A

a dimension of color that involves the wavelength

60
Q

What is Value?

A

a dimension of color that involves the intensity and brightness of an object

61
Q

What is Chroma?

A

a dimension of color that involves the purity and density of an object

62
Q

Describe metamerism.

A

when two colors appear the same color under one light source, but look different under another light source

Dental Materials (1 decks)

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