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Fuels > Biomass Alternative Energy (4-5) > Flashcards

Biomass Alternative Energy (4-5) Flashcards

1
Q

“A ______ and biodegradable organic material originating from _____, animals and micro‐organisms. This shall also include products, by‐products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the non‐fossilized and biodegradable organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes.”

A

“A non‐fossilized and biodegradable organic material originating from plant, animals and micro‐organisms. This shall also include products, by‐products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the non‐fossilized and biodegradable organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes.”

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2
Q

Biomass Balance Approach

A
  1. Estimate fossil fuel effect Bfossil
  2. Estimate feedstock and fossil effect Bb Bf
  3. Estimate amount to replace mf
  4. Estimate amount required mb
  5. Estimate burdens of biomass using above notation

Bmb=Bfossil- mfBf +mbBb

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3
Q

Mesophilic ____ °C
Thermophilic ____°C

A

Mesophilic 36-42 °C
Thermophilic 48-55°C

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4
Q

Fermentation-Biofuel production

A

Biomass Production

Pretreatment

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Sugar fermentation

Biofuel Production and further Processing

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5
Q

Non homogeneous (________________) fuels

A

Non homogeneous (variable composition) fuels

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6
Q

Issues with non homogenous fuels?

A

Produces sludge and tars that can clog equipment- difficult to clean
Lower system efficiency
Poor quality gas output
Increased maintenance

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7
Q

Drax Power Station provides ___% of the UK’s renewable power

A

Drax Power Station provides 11% of the UK’s renewable power

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8
Q

Can biomass be non renewable

A

yes - cutting down trees

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9
Q

Sources of biomass

A

Sewage
Animal residues
Municipal solid waste
Forestry residues
Industrial residues
Agricultural residues

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10
Q

How long is the CO2 rotation for forestry

A

10-30 years

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11
Q

What is virgin biomass

A

From plants (aquatic and terrestrial)

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12
Q

How is biomass environmentally advantageous

A

Renewable
Can be carbon negative through sequestration tech & carbon capture

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13
Q

Socio economic benefits of biomass

A

Locally grown, utilized for food, sold in markets and in some cases exported
Support local communities and microeconomics (create new jobs)
Energy independence
Reduction in emissions
Less waste to handle

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14
Q

Technical benefits of biomass

A

Can be used for combines heat & power plants
High-value chemicals can be produced such as cum farts
Can be used for decentralized power generation system
Can be used to store energy!

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15
Q

Pelletizing steps

A

Raw material in
Screening
Drying
Cyclone separation
Conveying
Pelletization

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16
Q

Biomass processing techniques

A

Direct combustion (for power and heat)
Gasification (for carbon monoxide and hydrogen-rich syngas)
Pyrolysis (for biochar, gas and oils)
Anaerobic digestion (for methane-rich gas)
Oil exaction (for biodiesel)
Fermentation (of sugars for alcohols)

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17
Q

Thermochemical biomass processing techniques are

A

Combustion
Gasification
Pyrolysis

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18
Q

Biochemical biomass processing techniques are

A

Digestion
Fermentation
Extraction

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19
Q

What is syngas

A

H2 and CO

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20
Q

What are the uses of syngas

A

Hydrogen production
Engine/turbine fuel
Diesel or gasoline using Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis
Fertilizer
Methanol for chemical industry

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21
Q

Pyrolysis operating temperature?

A

300-700C

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22
Q

What does pyrolysis produce

A

Char, Solids- soil improver & solid fuel and liquid fuels-

23
Q

Challenges of non homogeneous fuels

A

Produces sludge and tars that can clog equipment- difficult to clean
Lower system efficiency
Poor quality gas output
Increased maintenance

24
Q

What is methanes Greenhouse gas factor compared to CO2

A

25x

25
Q

Negatives of uncontrolled digestion

A

Leachates enter into ground water

26
Q

Why is controlled digestion considered environmentally friendly

A

Reduces water leaching & soil pollution.
Can produce organic fertilizer

27
Q

Steps of Digestion

A

Feedstock enters
Grinding
Pasteurisation
Digestion
Filtration/cleaning

28
Q

What are the characteristics of mesophilic digestion

A

Prone to ammonia poisoning
Quicker
Greater gas yields
Reduces pathogens more effectively

29
Q

What catalyst is used for esterification

A

Sulfuric acid

30
Q

What catalyst is used for trans esterification

A

Alkaline

31
Q

How much quicker is Trans esterification than esterification

A

4000 times

32
Q

What type of catalyst is used to do both esterification and trans esterification in 1 step

A

bifunctional catalyst

33
Q

What is a solution to the low conversion and rates for esterification

A

Microbubble mediated mass transfer to overcome the low conversion and rate of reaction of esterification

34
Q

What are the steps of fermentation

A
  1. Biomass Production
  2. Pretreatment
  3. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
  4. Sugar fermentation
  5. Biofuel Production and further Processing
35
Q

Challenges for biomass

A

Emissions
Resources are limited
Sustainability/traceability
Logistics

36
Q

Why is biomass hard to deal with

A

Variable chemistries
Variable moisture
Size reduction is energy intensive
Doing anything other than burning it is proving hard to do at an industrial scale

37
Q

What is alternative energy

A

Produces little or no CO2.

38
Q

Advantages of Hydroelectric

A

Cheap to operate
Long life and low operating cost
Renewable
High yield
Not intermittent (if reservoir is large enough)
Reservoirs have multiple uses
Minimal air pollution

39
Q

Disadvantages of Hydroelectric

A

Human population displacement
breeding ground for disease
Ecosystem impacts
Water pollution problems

40
Q

What are the 3 types of tidal power

A

Tidal streams
Barrages
Tidal lagoons

41
Q

Advantage of tidal

A

Low operating cost

42
Q

Disadvantage of tidal

A

few suitable sites
Construction costs high
Transmission

43
Q

Advantages of wind

A

Renewable energy
Inexhaustible
Not pollutant
Reduces the use of fossil fuels
Reduces energy imports

44
Q

Disadvantages of wind

A

Must compete with other low cost energy resources
Suitable wind corridors are often remote
Intermittent/requires an energy storage system
Noise and Visual Aesthetics
Impact Wildlife

45
Q

Types of silicon in PV cells

A

n-type and p-type

n-type has deficiency of electrons

46
Q

Advantages of Solar

A

Low operating cost
Affordable
Diverse applications
Renewable

47
Q

Advantages of geothermal

A

Renewable

Available 24/7
Geothermal power plants use low amounts of land per gigawatt
Life cycle emission is 4 times less than solar PV and 6-20 times lower than natural gas

48
Q

Disadvantages Geothermal

A

Available cites are very limited.

The drilling and exploration is very expensive

High Risk (Well failure/depletion)

Lack of public awareness

49
Q

What is blue hydrogen

A

Produced by Steam Methane Reforming with Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS)

50
Q

What is green hydrogen

A

Produced by electrolysis with required power coming from a renewable source

51
Q

What is pink hydrogen from

A

Nuclear

52
Q

What is yellow hydrogen from

A

Solar

53
Q

Challenges of hydrogen

A

Storage
Safety- flammable
Production cost
Integration into system
Development of infrastructure
Competition with batteries

54
Q
A

Fuels (5 decks)

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