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RENEWABLE ENERGY > BIOMASS > Flashcards

BIOMASS Flashcards

1
Q

Fuel which produced from renewable biological resources such as
plant biomass and treated municipal and industrial waste. Also fuels derived from biomass.

A

Biofuel

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2
Q

Why biofuels?

A

there are many reasons why we are interested in biofuels:
1. to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels
2. to reduce reliance on foreign oil
3. to lower emiissions of greenhouse gasses
4. to bring buisness to rural economics

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3
Q

Why biofuels? are they green?

A

use of biofuels makes the envinonment clean:
by regulating carbon dioxide rates in the environment
by maintaining carboncycle
by making way to reduce global warming

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4
Q

organic matter taken
from or produced by plants and
animals. It comprises mainly
wood, agricultural crops and
products, aquatic plants, forestry
products, wastes and residues,
and animal wastes

A

Biomass

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5
Q

Is a renewable energy resource derived from the
carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities.

A

Biomass

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6
Q

is the storage of solar energy in chemical form in plant and
animal materials. It is one of the commonly used, precious and
versatile resources on earth.

A

Biomass

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7
Q

has been used for energy purposes ever since man discovered
fire and can be a sustainable, environmentally benign and
economically sound source.

A

Biomass

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8
Q

solid biofuels include:

A

wood, charcoal
bagasse

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9
Q

gaseous biofuels include:

A

Methane gas
producer gas

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10
Q

liquid biofuels include:

A

methanol,
ethanol,
plant oils

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11
Q

classification of biofuels

A

1st generation biofuels
2nd generation biofuels
3rd generation biofuels

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12
Q

also called conventional biofuels.
it includes sugar, starch or vegetable oil

A

1st generation biofuels

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13
Q

known as advanced biofuels
and canbe manufactured from different types of biomass. the biomass contains lignocellulosic material like wood,
straw and waste plastic

A

2nd generation biofuels

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14
Q

Extract from algae mostly marine
agae

A

3rd generation biofuels

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15
Q

classifications of feedstock for biofuels

A

sugar and starchy crops
cellulosic biomass
oil-containing or oil-producing plants

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16
Q

These are plants such as sugar cane and sugar beets that can store
through photosynthesis the energy from the sun by converting it
into simple sugars. In a similar fashion, there are plants such as corn, cassava and
sweet potato that store the energy as complex sugars or starches.

A

sugar and starchy crops.

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17
Q

Includes a wide range of heterogeneous solid
materials including, but not limited to

A

cellulosic biomass

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18
Q

There are a large number of
plants that produce oils, in particular ixed oils, which can be
processed to produce biofuels that can be used as diesel substitute or
blend.

A

oil-containing or oil-producing plants

19
Q

Types of Biomass

A

• agricultural biomass,
• forest biomass,
• energy plantation,
• marine biomass,
• biomass from animal waste,
and
• municipal waste.

20
Q

which could be used for energy
production is defined as biomass
residues from field agricultural
crops (stalks, branches, leaves,
straw, waste from pruning, etc.)
and biomass from the byproducts
of the processing of agricultural
products (residue from cotton
ginning, olive pits, fruit pits, etc.).

A

Agricultural biomass

21
Q

The potential biomass from
animal waste includes primarily
waste from intensive livestock
operations, from poultry farms,
pig farms, cattle farms and
slaughter houses. The animal
waste is a rich source of fuel. The
dung cakes prepared with animal
wastes can be used for meeting
cooking energy requirement in
rural and semi-urban areas.

A

Biomass from animal waste

22
Q

which is used or can be used for
energy purposes consists of
firewood, forestry residues (from
thinning and logging), material
cleared from forests to protect
them from forest fires, as well as
byproducts from wood industries.

A

Forest biomass

23
Q

consists of solid wastes as human
excreta, garbage, city wastes and
commercial wastes. It also
includes liquid form domestic
sewage and effluent from
community institutional activities. There are a number of ways these
wastes can be recycled and
resources recovered in terms of
fuel gas, manure and liquid fuel,
etc.

A

Municipal waste

24
Q

consists of solid wastes as human
excreta, garbage, city wastes and
commercial wastes. It also
includes liquid form domestic
sewage and effluent from
community institutional activities. There are a number of ways these
wastes can be recycled and
resources recovered in terms of
fuel gas, manure and liquid fuel,
etc.

A

Municipal waste

25
Q

consists of solid wastes as human
excreta, garbage, city wastes and
commercial wastes. It also
includes liquid form domestic
sewage and effluent from
community institutional activities. There are a number of ways these
wastes can be recycled and
resources recovered in terms of
fuel gas, manure and liquid fuel,
etc.

A

Municipal waste

26
Q

means growing selected species of
trees and shrubs which are
harvestable in a comparatively
shorter time and are specific
means for fuel. The sources of
energy plantation depend on the
availability of land and water and
careful management of the plants. The fuel wood may be used either
directly into wood burning stoves
and boilers or processed into
methanol, ethanol and producer
gas. There are many species
suitable for energy plantation.

A

Energy plantation

27
Q

Floating water plants (e.g., water
hyacinths) are pest plants in many
rivers, lakes and ponds in tropical
and semitropical areas of the
world. The growth rate of water
hyacinths is very high and it is
nutrient rich with net productivity
of up to 25 tons of dry product per
acre per year.

A

Marine biomass

28
Q

Harvesting Methods of
Biomass

A

• coppicing
• pollarding
• lopping
• prunning
• thinning

29
Q

is one of the most common
and convenient routes for conversion into energy. This includes
combustion, gasification, liq_x0002_uefaction and carbonization. In all
these processes, pyrolysis plays a key role in the reaction kinetics and
hence in reactor design and determining product distribution,
composition and properties.

A

Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Biomass

30
Q

is the simplest and earliest
method of converting the
chemically stored energy into heat.
the
hydrogen and carbon in a fuel
combined with oxygen, a process
which releases heat. This is the
most common thermo chemical
method of converting biomass to
energy

A

Direct combustion

31
Q

nother process of thermo chemical conversion, is broadly a system
which thermally decomposes carbonaceous materials. It has, unlike
direct combustion, at least one zone in which the thermal
decomposition takes place in the absence of oxygen.
can be
based on either coal or biomass. All three phases of products are
generated, solid char, a non condensable gas and an organic liquid-oil

A

Pyrolysis

32
Q

is a form of
pyrolysis with very limited available
oxygen, where the vapors and gases are
driven off. Modern charcoal furnaces
operating at about 600◦C produce
25–35 per cent of the dry biomass feed
as charcoal and the gases can be used
for kiln drying. The charcoal produced
is 75–85 per cent carbon and is useful
as a compact, controllable fuel. It can
be burnt to provide heat on a large or
small scale. Charcoal is a better fuel for
cooking compared with firewood.

A

Charcoal production

33
Q

a process of turning solid biomass into a combustible gas. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen along with some moisture. Under con_x0002_trolled conditions, characterized by low oxygen
supply and high temperatures, most biomass materials can be
converted into a gaseous fuel known as producer gas, which consists of
carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen. This thermo-chemical conversion of solid biomass into gaseous fuel is
called gasification.

A

Gasification

34
Q

Types of gasifiers
A gasifier is a chemical reactor where various complex
physical and chemical processes take place during
burning of biomass in limited air supply. A biomass
gasifier can be classified based on the direction of the
gas flow and capacity of the gasifier.

A

gasifier

35
Q

Types of gasifiers

A

• Updraft gasifier
• downdraft gasifier
• crossdraft gasifier

36
Q

Another technique that uses high temperatures to convert biomass is liquefaction. It
can be both a direct and indirect process of thermo chemical conversion. The former
is usually catalytic, the feed being first converted into a gaseous intermediate from
which liquid fuels are then synthesized.

A

Liquefaction

37
Q

common types of biofuel

A

Biobutanol
Bioethanol
Biogas
Biodiesel

38
Q

• is produced by the fermentation
of carbohydrate rich source
which includes sugarcane,
sugarbeet, corn etc. • it is color less and clear liquid
• one of the widely used
alternative automotive fuel in
the world

A

bioethanol

39
Q

• an alternative diesel fuel, is made from renewable biological sources
such as vegetable oils and animal fat
• similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure ( straight chain) and
number of carbon atoms (10 to 21)
•can be prepared by Transesterificatio

A

biodiesel

40
Q

algae as a source of biodiesel

A

the algae that are used as biodiesel pduction are usually aquatic green
algae
• this type of algae is a photosynthetic eucaryote charcterized by high
growth rates and high population densities. under good condition,
green algae can double its biomass in lessthan 24 hours. • additionally green algae have huge lipid cintents
• the high yeald high density biomass is ideal for intensive agriculture and
may be ecellent source of biodiesel production

41
Q

advantages of algae

A
  1. they do not require arable land for cultivation; this means that algae
    cultivation does noyt need to compete with agriculture commodities
    for growing space
  2. the water used in algae cultivation canbe fresh water or saline, and
    salt concentration up to twice that of seawater can be used
    effectively this means that algae need not compte with other usses
    of fresh water
  3. algae also not prone to photosynthetic inhibition under connditions
    of intene sunlight
  4. after oile extraction from algae, the remaining biomass fraction can
    be used asa high ptien feed for livestock that gives further value to
    process and reduces waste.
42
Q

advantages of biofuels

A

• renewable
• reduce greenhouse gases
• economic security
• easy to source
• lower level of pollution

43
Q

disadvantages of biofuel

A

• high cost of production
• iustrrial pollution
• future rise in price
• shortage of food
• use of fertilizer

44
Q

biofuel production has lead to :

A

• rural ellectrification
• improving agriculture
• job creation
• power to local community
• reduce wastes, cleaner air
• global warming reduction

RENEWABLE ENERGY (2 decks)

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