BIOMASS

Question 1

Fuel which produced from renewable biological resources such as
plant biomass and treated municipal and industrial waste. Also fuels derived from biomass.

Answer 1

Biofuel

Question 2

Why biofuels?

Answer 2

there are many reasons why we are interested in biofuels:
1. to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels
2. to reduce reliance on foreign oil
3. to lower emiissions of greenhouse gasses
4. to bring buisness to rural economics

Question 3

Why biofuels? are they green?

Answer 3

use of biofuels makes the envinonment clean:
by regulating carbon dioxide rates in the environment
by maintaining carboncycle
by making way to reduce global warming

Question 4

organic matter taken
from or produced by plants and
animals. It comprises mainly
wood, agricultural crops and
products, aquatic plants, forestry
products, wastes and residues,
and animal wastes

Answer 4

Biomass

Question 5

Is a renewable energy resource derived from the
carbonaceous waste of various human and natural activities.

Answer 5

Biomass

Question 6

is the storage of solar energy in chemical form in plant and
animal materials. It is one of the commonly used, precious and
versatile resources on earth.

Answer 6

Biomass

Question 7

has been used for energy purposes ever since man discovered
fire and can be a sustainable, environmentally benign and
economically sound source.

Answer 7

Biomass

Question 8

solid biofuels include:

Answer 8

wood, charcoal
bagasse

Question 9

gaseous biofuels include:

Answer 9

Methane gas
producer gas

Question 10

liquid biofuels include:

Answer 10

methanol,
ethanol,
plant oils

Question 11

classification of biofuels

Answer 11

1st generation biofuels
2nd generation biofuels
3rd generation biofuels

Question 12

also called conventional biofuels.
it includes sugar, starch or vegetable oil

Answer 12

1st generation biofuels

Question 13

known as advanced biofuels
and canbe manufactured from different types of biomass. the biomass contains lignocellulosic material like wood,
straw and waste plastic

Answer 13

2nd generation biofuels

Question 14

Extract from algae mostly marine
agae

Answer 14

3rd generation biofuels

Question 15

classifications of feedstock for biofuels

Answer 15

sugar and starchy crops
cellulosic biomass
oil-containing or oil-producing plants

Question 16

These are plants such as sugar cane and sugar beets that can store
through photosynthesis the energy from the sun by converting it
into simple sugars. In a similar fashion, there are plants such as corn, cassava and
sweet potato that store the energy as complex sugars or starches.

Answer 16

sugar and starchy crops.

Question 17

Includes a wide range of heterogeneous solid
materials including, but not limited to

Answer 17

cellulosic biomass

Question 18

There are a large number of
plants that produce oils, in particular ixed oils, which can be
processed to produce biofuels that can be used as diesel substitute or
blend.

Answer 18

oil-containing or oil-producing plants

Question 19

Types of Biomass

Answer 19

• agricultural biomass,
• forest biomass,
• energy plantation,
• marine biomass,
• biomass from animal waste,
and
• municipal waste.

Question 20

which could be used for energy
production is defined as biomass
residues from field agricultural
crops (stalks, branches, leaves,
straw, waste from pruning, etc.)
and biomass from the byproducts
of the processing of agricultural
products (residue from cotton
ginning, olive pits, fruit pits, etc.).

Answer 20

Agricultural biomass

Question 21

The potential biomass from
animal waste includes primarily
waste from intensive livestock
operations, from poultry farms,
pig farms, cattle farms and
slaughter houses. The animal
waste is a rich source of fuel. The
dung cakes prepared with animal
wastes can be used for meeting
cooking energy requirement in
rural and semi-urban areas.

Answer 21

Biomass from animal waste

Question 22

which is used or can be used for
energy purposes consists of
firewood, forestry residues (from
thinning and logging), material
cleared from forests to protect
them from forest fires, as well as
byproducts from wood industries.

Answer 22

Forest biomass

Question 23

consists of solid wastes as human
excreta, garbage, city wastes and
commercial wastes. It also
includes liquid form domestic
sewage and effluent from
community institutional activities. There are a number of ways these
wastes can be recycled and
resources recovered in terms of
fuel gas, manure and liquid fuel,
etc.

Answer 23

Municipal waste

Question 24

consists of solid wastes as human
excreta, garbage, city wastes and
commercial wastes. It also
includes liquid form domestic
sewage and effluent from
community institutional activities. There are a number of ways these
wastes can be recycled and
resources recovered in terms of
fuel gas, manure and liquid fuel,
etc.

Answer 24

Municipal waste

Question 25

consists of solid wastes as human excreta, garbage, city wastes and commercial wastes. It also includes liquid form domestic sewage and effluent from community institutional activities. There are a number of ways these wastes can be recycled and resources recovered in terms of fuel gas, manure and liquid fuel, etc.

Answer 25

Municipal waste

Question 26

means growing selected species of trees and shrubs which are harvestable in a comparatively shorter time and are specific means for fuel. The sources of energy plantation depend on the availability of land and water and careful management of the plants. The fuel wood may be used either directly into wood burning stoves and boilers or processed into methanol, ethanol and producer gas. There are many species suitable for energy plantation.

Answer 26

Energy plantation

Question 27

Floating water plants (e.g., water hyacinths) are pest plants in many rivers, lakes and ponds in tropical and semitropical areas of the world. The growth rate of water hyacinths is very high and it is nutrient rich with net productivity of up to 25 tons of dry product per acre per year.

Answer 27

Marine biomass

Question 28

Harvesting Methods of Biomass

Answer 28

• coppicing • pollarding • lopping • prunning • thinning

Question 29

is one of the most common and convenient routes for conversion into energy. This includes combustion, gasification, liq_x0002_uefaction and carbonization. In all these processes, pyrolysis plays a key role in the reaction kinetics and hence in reactor design and determining product distribution, composition and properties.

Answer 29

Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Biomass

Question 30

is the simplest and earliest method of converting the chemically stored energy into heat. the hydrogen and carbon in a fuel combined with oxygen, a process which releases heat. This is the most common thermo chemical method of converting biomass to energy

Answer 30

Direct combustion

Question 31

nother process of thermo chemical conversion, is broadly a system which thermally decomposes carbonaceous materials. It has, unlike direct combustion, at least one zone in which the thermal decomposition takes place in the absence of oxygen. can be based on either coal or biomass. All three phases of products are generated, solid char, a non condensable gas and an organic liquid-oil

Answer 31

Pyrolysis

Question 32

is a form of pyrolysis with very limited available oxygen, where the vapors and gases are driven off. Modern charcoal furnaces operating at about 600◦C produce 25–35 per cent of the dry biomass feed as charcoal and the gases can be used for kiln drying. The charcoal produced is 75–85 per cent carbon and is useful as a compact, controllable fuel. It can be burnt to provide heat on a large or small scale. Charcoal is a better fuel for cooking compared with firewood.

Answer 32

Charcoal production

Question 33

a process of turning solid biomass into a combustible gas. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen along with some moisture. Under con_x0002_trolled conditions, characterized by low oxygen supply and high temperatures, most biomass materials can be converted into a gaseous fuel known as producer gas, which consists of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen. This thermo-chemical conversion of solid biomass into gaseous fuel is called gasification.

Answer 33

Gasification

Question 34

Types of gasifiers A gasifier is a chemical reactor where various complex physical and chemical processes take place during burning of biomass in limited air supply. A biomass gasifier can be classified based on the direction of the gas flow and capacity of the gasifier.

Answer 34

gasifier

Question 35

Types of gasifiers

Answer 35

• Updraft gasifier • downdraft gasifier • crossdraft gasifier

Question 36

Another technique that uses high temperatures to convert biomass is liquefaction. It can be both a direct and indirect process of thermo chemical conversion. The former is usually catalytic, the feed being first converted into a gaseous intermediate from which liquid fuels are then synthesized.

Answer 36

Liquefaction

Question 37

common types of biofuel

Answer 37

Biobutanol Bioethanol Biogas Biodiesel

Question 38

• is produced by the fermentation of carbohydrate rich source which includes sugarcane, sugarbeet, corn etc. • it is color less and clear liquid • one of the widely used alternative automotive fuel in the world

Answer 38

bioethanol

Question 39

• an alternative diesel fuel, is made from renewable biological sources such as vegetable oils and animal fat • similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure ( straight chain) and number of carbon atoms (10 to 21) •can be prepared by Transesterificatio

Answer 39

biodiesel

Question 40

algae as a source of biodiesel

Answer 40

the algae that are used as biodiesel pduction are usually aquatic green algae • this type of algae is a photosynthetic eucaryote charcterized by high growth rates and high population densities. under good condition, green algae can double its biomass in lessthan 24 hours. • additionally green algae have huge lipid cintents • the high yeald high density biomass is ideal for intensive agriculture and may be ecellent source of biodiesel production

Question 41

advantages of algae

Answer 41

1. they do not require arable land for cultivation; this means that algae cultivation does noyt need to compete with agriculture commodities for growing space 2. the water used in algae cultivation canbe fresh water or saline, and salt concentration up to twice that of seawater can be used effectively this means that algae need not compte with other usses of fresh water 3. algae also not prone to photosynthetic inhibition under connditions of intene sunlight 4. after oile extraction from algae, the remaining biomass fraction can be used asa high ptien feed for livestock that gives further value to process and reduces waste.

Question 42

advantages of biofuels

Answer 42

• renewable • reduce greenhouse gases • economic security • easy to source • lower level of pollution

Question 43

disadvantages of biofuel

Answer 43

• high cost of production • iustrrial pollution • future rise in price • shortage of food • use of fertilizer

Question 44

biofuel production has lead to :

Answer 44

• rural ellectrification • improving agriculture • job creation • power to local community • reduce wastes, cleaner air • global warming reduction