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Biology Unit 3 AOS1 > Biomacromolecules > Flashcards

Biomacromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are biomacromolecules?

A

Large biological molecules essential for life, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

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2
Q

True or False: Proteins are made up of amino acids.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary structure of a protein is determined by its _______.

A

amino acid sequence

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4
Q

What is the role of nucleic acids?

A

To store and transmit genetic information.

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5
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of biomacromolecule?
A) Proteins
B) Enzymes
C) Glucose
D) DNA

A

C) Glucose

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6
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides.

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7
Q

True or False: Lipids are soluble in water.

A

False

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8
Q

What type of bond connects amino acids in a protein?

A

Peptide bond.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The secondary structure of proteins includes _______ and _______.

A

alpha helices; beta sheets

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10
Q

What is the primary function of enzymes?

A

To catalyze biochemical reactions.

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11
Q

Multiple Choice: Which biomacromolecule is primarily responsible for energy storage in cells?
A) DNA
B) Proteins
C) Carbohydrates
D) Lipids

A

D) Lipids

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12
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double-stranded and stores genetic information, while RNA is single-stranded and plays a role in protein synthesis.

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13
Q

True or False: Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as energy storage in animals.

A

True

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14
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The structure of lipids often includes long chains of _______.

A

fatty acids

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16
Q

What is the function of ribosomes in cells?

A

To synthesize proteins.

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17
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates?
A) Energy storage
B) Structural support
C) Cell signaling
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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18
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule composed of repeated subunits called monomers.

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19
Q

True or False: All biomacromolecules are polymers.

A

False (lipids aren’t; they got smaller units like glycerol and fatty acids)

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20
Q

What is the process called by which proteins are synthesized?

A

Translation.

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21
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

All compounds that do not contain both hydrogen and carbon.

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22
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen.

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23
Q

What are the 8 elements that make up about 99% of an organism’s mass?

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Calcium (Ca), Sulphur (S), Potassium (K).

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24
Q

How many elements appear in significant quantities in organisms?

A

11

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25
Why does water readily interact with polar molecules?
Water is polar, so it interacts with other polar molecules but not with nonpolar ones.
26
What does "hydrophilic" mean?
Hydrophilic substances are polar and water-loving, meaning they readily interact with and dissolve in water.
27
What does "hydrophobic" mean?
Hydrophobic substances are nonpolar and water-hating, meaning they tend to repel or fail to mix with water.
28
What does "lipophilic" mean?
Lipophilic substances tend to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats.
29
What does "lipophobic" mean?
Lipophobic substances do not combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats.
30
Why are biomacromolecules called 'macro'?
They are large, made of hundreds of thousands of monomers.
31
What is the structure of biomacromolecules?
They are folded and twisted into complex 3D shapes.
32
How are monosaccharides linked in polysaccharides?
By glycosidic bonds.
33
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The 3D folding pattern of a polypeptide chain is due to interactions between R groups.
34
What type of bonding stabilizes the secondary structure of proteins?
Hydrogen bonds.
35
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein complex.
36
What is the primary structure of a biomacromolecule?
DNA is a nucleic acid made of repeating units called nucleotides, each consisting of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Two strands of nucleotides run antiparallel and twist into a double helix, with complementary base pairing (A-T and C-G) held together by hydrogen bonds.
37
How do polymers form larger compounds?
Multiple polymers combine to form larger compounds.
38
How long is a single DNA molecule when unwrapped?
About three centimetres long.
39
Monomers
Molecules that form the smallest unit of a polymer
40
Polymers
Large molecules made of repeated monomer subunits.
41
Polypeptide
A polymer of amino acids, forming part of proteins.
42
What is the process from amino acids to proteins?
Amino Acid (Monomer) Peptide Bond Formation Polypeptide (Polymer) Folding and Twisting Protein (Functional Biomolecule)
43
What is the process from nucleotides to DNA?
Nucleotide (Monomer) Phosphodiester Bond Formation Polynucleotide Chain (Polymer) Double Helix Structure DNA (Genetic Material)
44
What is the process from glycerol and fatty acids to lipids?
Glycerol and Fatty Acids (Monomers) Ester Bond Formation Triglyceride or Phospholipid (Polymer) Hydrophobic Structure Lipids (Energy Storage, Membrane Structure, or Signaling)
45
Macromolecules
Compounds made up of many polypeptide chains. (different from Biomacromolecules)
46
Carbohydrates
also known as saccharides or sugars, can be linear or in a ring form, Rings of carbohydrates can be bound together.
47
Lipids Monomer
fatty acid
48
Carbohydrates monomer
Monosaccharide (1 sugar)
49
Proteins monomer
amino acid
50
Nucleic acids monomer
nucleotide
51
Lipids function
store energy, make up cell membranes and provide insilation
52
Proteins function
growth and repair, structure, enzymes
53
Nucleic acids function
stores and copies info in the cell and makes proteins
54
Carbohydrates function
short term energy
55
Carbohydrates elements
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
56
examples of carbohydrates
glucose
57
examples of protein
enzymes
58
examples of lipids
fats, oils, waxes, and steroids
59
2 sugars
Disaccharide
60
many sugars
Polysaccharide
61
Monomer
building blocks of biomacromolecules
62
Triglycerides
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
63
Complex carbohydrates
starch, cellulose, glycogen
64
Lipids are: a) Polar b) Nonpolar
Non-polar
65
Lipids can be __ and __.
saturated and unsaturated
66
What is activation energy?
Activation energy is the energy input required to get a chemical reaction started, often referred to as the "hump" that must be overcome for the reaction to proceed.
67
How do enzymes affect activation energy?
Enzymes lower the activation energy of specific reactions, making them more likely to occur and increasing the efficiency of cellular processes.
68
What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?
Anabolic reactions build complex molecules from simpler ones, usually requiring energy input. Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy.
68
Why are reactions with low activation energy more likely to occur?
Reactions with low activation energy require less energy input to get started, making them more likely to occur naturally and efficiently. (less of a "hump")
69
Exergonic reaction
energy is released (exits) into the environment.
70
Exothermic reaction
increases the temperature of the environment (releases energy like exergonic).
71
Catabolic reactions
break down larger molecules, releasing energy (exergonic).
72
Difference between exogonic and exergonic?
Exothermic refers to the release of **heat** energy. Exergonic refers to the release of **free energy** and is broader, encompassing all types of energy released during a reaction **(not just heat)**.
73
Reactions that break bonds:
Exogonic, Exothermic, and Catabolic reactions
74
Reactions that form bonds:
Endergonic, Endothermic, Anabolic reactions
75
Endergonic reaction
energy is absorbed (enters) from the environment.
76
Endothermic reaction
decreases the temperature of the environment (endergonic).
77
Anabolic reactions
‘build-up’ larger molecules by using energy (endergonic).
78
Condensation reactions
anabolic, forming water as by-product while building molecules they turn monomers into polymers by linking them together
79
Hydrolysis
a catabolic reaction that consumes water to **break down** polymers into monomers
80
ATP's function in cells
ATP carries energy between reactions, releasing energy when it’s broken down.
81
ATP in endergonic reactions
ATP provides the energy needed for endergonic reactions to occur.
82
ATP breakdown
ATP breaks down into ADP, releasing energy, and can be cycled back to ATP.

Biology Unit 3 AOS1 (4 decks)

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