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Biology 5. Evolution > biology_5_evolution_20150520080620 > Flashcards

biology_5_evolution_20150520080620 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a species?

A

A species is a group of organisms that share common physical characteristicsMembers of the same species are capable of breeding together to produce viable offspring

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2
Q

What is evolution?

A

Evolution is the cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population

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3
Q

What happens in speciation?

A

Evolution can lead one species to diverge into two separate species. One species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution

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4
Q

What do fossils tell us about evolution?

A
  • Fossils demonstrate gradual change in physical characteristics of a species - Fossils demonstrate species extinctionFossils record the gradual change in the characteristics of a species over long periods of time
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5
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

A homologous structure is a physical characteristic shared by related species

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6
Q

What does the pentadactyl limb tell us about mammals?

A

All mammals are descended from a common ancestor The genetic code is universal. This provides evidence that all living species share common ancestors.

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7
Q

Outline the difference between artificial and natural selection.

A

Artificial selection:Organisms are selected for a purpose (better tasting food crops, smarter sheepdogs, faster racehorses)Artificial selection is carried out by humansNatural selection:Organisms are not selected for a purpose… instead the focus is on survivalNatural selection is driven by environment

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8
Q

Outline a basic procedure for artificial selection

A
  1. Test on which frogs jump the furthest2. Breed the best jumping frogs3. Wait for the offspring to grow up, then test them.4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for many generations
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9
Q

How does artificial selection demonstrate evolution?

A

Selective breeding of domesticated animals (pets) shows this because they have evolved through human selection

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10
Q

What is a cline?

A

A cline is a gradation in one or more characteristics within a species. Sample human skin colour as evidence for evolution: • People with darker skin colour have evolved in places with high UV light –> protect them from cancer • People with lighter skin colour have evolved in places with low UV light –> helps them to generate enough Vitamin D

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11
Q

Why do living organisms face a struggle for survival?

A
  1. All species have great potential fertility2. Population sizes show long term stability3. Environmental resources are limitedLiving organisms have to compete with other members of their species in order to survive
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12
Q

Why do living organisms face a struggle for survival?

A
  1. All species have great potential fertility2. Population sizes show long term stability3. Environmental resources are limitedLiving organisms have to compete with other members of their species in order to survive
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13
Q

What do members of a species show?

A

Living organisms show an enormous range of variation. No two living organisms are ever truly identical, even if they are genetic clones

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14
Q

Only under what condition can natural selection occur?

A

Natural selection can only occur if there is variation among members of the same species.Adaptations are characteristics that make an individual more suited to survive in its environment and successfully reproduce.

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15
Q

What promotes genetic variation?

A

Independent assortment, Meiosis, Gene Mutation and sexual reproduction

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16
Q

How does natural selection lead to evolution?

A
  1. Individuals that are better adapted tend to survive and produce more offspring while the less well adapted tend to die or produce fewer offspring2. individuals that reproduce pass on characteristics to their offspring3. natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species
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17
Q

Explain how the use of antibiotics has led to the evolution of resistant bacteria

A
  • members of a population of the same species show variation- some organisms are more likely to survive due to selective advantage- these variations may be genetically controlled/heritable- these genes are most liekly to be passed on to offspring - this can change the characteristic of the population- bacteria can noramlly be killed by antibiotics- anti biotics impose a selection pressure - if few bacteria have natural resistance to the antibioticthey will survive- if the resistance is heritable they will pass it on their offspring- they will reproduce/evolve to form bacterial colonies resistant to antibiotics.
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18
Q

Explain how the use of antibiotics has led to the evolution of resistant bacteria

A
  • members of a population of the same species show variation- some organisms are more likely to survive due to selective advantage- these variations may be genetically controlled/heritable- these genes are most liekly to be passed on to offspring - this can change the characteristic of the population- bacteria can noramlly be killed by antibiotics- anti biotics impose a selection pressure - if few bacteria have natural resistance to the antibioticthey will survive- if the resistance is heritable they will pass it on their offspring- they will reproduce/evolve to form bacterial colonies resistant to antibiotics.
19
Q

What are organisms classified into?

A

All organisms are classified into three domains. (Archaea, eubacteria and eukaryote should be used for the three domains. Members of these domains should be referred to as archaeans, bacteria and eukaryotes)

20
Q

Why are viruses not classified as living organisms?

A

1) They are acellular: viruses are not composed of cells2) They have no metabolism: metabolism is the sum total of all biochemical reactions that occur inside cells… without cells viruses have no metabolism3) They are unable to reproduce independently viruses must inject their genetic material into a host cell in order to replicate themselves

21
Q

How do taxonomist classify species?

A

They use the hierarchy of taxa.

22
Q

What are the principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, SpeciesKing Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

23
Q

Classify one animal species from domain to species level.

A

LionKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: CarnivoraFamily: FelidaeGenus: PantheraSpecies: leo

24
Q

Classify one plant species from domain to species level.

A

Dog RoseKingdom: PlantaePhylum: AngiospermsClass: EudicotOrder: RosalesFamily: RosaceaeGenus: RosaSpecies: canina

25
Q

Why do we use the system of binomial nomenclature for naming?

A
  • Universal system helps international collaboration- Names are descriptive (is Latin)- The bionomial system allows us to identify species that are closely related (i.e. Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus)
26
Q

Which plant phyla has vascular tissues?

A

Filicinophyta

27
Q

What are four plant phyla?

A

Bryophyta, Filicinophyta, Coniferophyta, Angiospermophyta

28
Q

What characteristics identify Bryophyta?

A
  • have no roots - have simples leaves/stems - produce spores in capsule - are nonvascular - exhibit alternation of generations/ is a significant gametophyte generation
29
Q

What characteristics identify Filicinophyta?

A
  • have roots, stems and leaves - (often) have divided/pinnate leaves - produce spores in sporangia/ spores on undersides of the leaves - exhibit alternation of generations - have primitive vascular tissues
30
Q

What characteristics identify Coniferophyta?

A
  • have woody stems - (often) have narrow leaves/needles/scales - produce seeds in cones/ unenclosed seeds
31
Q

What characteristics identify Angiospermophyta?

A
  • have flowers - have ovules in ovaries - produce seeds (with hard coats) in fruits
32
Q

What are the different phyla for animals?

A

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda

33
Q

What characteristics identify Porifera?

A

• No clear symmetry• Attach to a surface under water• Pores (holes) extend through the body• No mouth or anus

34
Q

What characteristics identify Cnidaria

A

• Radial symmetry• Tentacles sometimes with stinging cells• Mouth but no anus (pocket gut)

35
Q

What characteristics identify Platyhelminthes?

A

• Bilateral symmetry• Flat body• No segmentation• mouth but no anus (pocket gut)

36
Q

What characteristics identify Annelida?

A

• Bilateral symmetry• Often have bristles• Clear segmentation• Mouth and anus present (tube gut)

37
Q

What characteristics identify Mollusca?

A

• Muscular foot or mantle• Usually have a shell (not squid or octopus)• No visible segmentation• Mouth and anus are present (tube gut)

38
Q

What characteristics identify arthropoda?

A

• Bilateral symmetry• Hard exoskeleton• Clear segmentation and jointed appendages (arms, legs, feelers, claws)

39
Q

What are the classes of the phylumof chordata?

A

Birds, Mammels, Amiphibians, Reptiles, Fish

40
Q

What are external recognition of birds?

A
  • A bird is an animal with feathers.
  • Birds have two legs and two wings.
  • Birds have a beak or a bill.
  • They lay eggs on land
  • They are warm-blooded
41
Q

What are physical characteristics of mammels?

A
  • They have fur or hair.
  • The babies drink milk from their mother’s bodies.
  • They have four limbs (arms, legs, flippers).
  • They are warm-blooded.
  • Most mammals are born alive.
  • They breathe air through lungs.
42
Q

What are physical characteristics of amphibians?

A
  • Cold blooded
  • Live both under water and on land (live in damp places)
  • Lay jelly covered eggs in water
  • Breath with gills (babies)
  • Moist skin
43
Q

What are physical characteristics of reptiles?

A
  • They have dry, scaly skin.
  • They have short legs or no legs at all.
  • They breathe with lungs.
  • They are cold-blooded.
  • Most young reptiles hatch from eggs on land
44
Q

What are physical characteristics of fish?

A
  • Fish are cold blooded.
  • Fish lay eggs.
  • Most fish are covered with scales
  • They have fins not legs.
  • Fish live in water and breathe through gills.

Biology 5. Evolution (1 decks)

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