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N320 Biology Honors Semester 2 > Biology8.3-8.5Quiz > Flashcards

Biology8.3-8.5Quiz Flashcards

All facts needed for the 8.3-8.5 quiz; based on Mr. Swavely's powerpoint.

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0
Q

What base does Guanine pair with?

A

Cytosine

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1
Q

What base does Adenine pair with?

A

Thymine

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2
Q

How many hydrogen bonds join Adenine and Thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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3
Q

How many hydrogen bonds join Guanine and Cytosine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

How do the strands in DNA run?

A

Antiparallel

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5
Q

Where does the carbon numbering of DNA begin?

A

The carbon to the right of the oxygen

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6
Q

Through what process is DNA synthesized?

A

Semi-conservative replication

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7
Q

What are the three steps of semi-conservative replication?

A

Binding of enzymes to existing DNA; unwinding of the Double helix; synthesis of new matching strand for each existing strand

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8
Q

What are all the enzymes is DNA synthesis called?

A

The replisome

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9
Q

Where do enzymes bind during DNA synthesis?

A

Replication origins on the major groove

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10
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Straightens DNA so enzymes can function during replication

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11
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds the double helix using ATP

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12
Q

DNA polymerases

A

Add nucleotides to the new DNA strand

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13
Q

DNA (RNA) primase

A

Gets DNA ready for the new nucleotides by adding short RNA segments on the lagging strand

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14
Q

DNA ligase

A

Bonds together deoxyribose and phosphate between Okazaki fragments with a phosphodiester bond

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15
Q

SSBP

A

Holds parent DNA strands apart during replication

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16
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Short sections of new DNA added to the lagging strand by DNA polymerase alpha

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17
Q

RNA primer

A

Short section of RNA added by DNA primase

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18
Q

Leading strand

A

Daughter strand of DNA synthesized continuously by DNA polymerase delta

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19
Q

Lagging strand

A

Daughter strand of DNA synthesized discontinuously by DNA polymerase alpha

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21
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Very weak bonds formed between complimentary strands of DNA

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22
Q

phosphodiester bonds

A

covalent bonds formed between the phosphate group and the deoxyribose group (forms sugar phosphate backbone)

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23
Q

What happens to the leading strand?

A

DNA polymerase continously adds nuleotides

24
Q

Why is the lagging strand made in segments?

A

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in a 3 prime to 5 prime direction, which means it would have to move opposite the movement of the replisome on the lagging strand.

25
Q

In which direction can DNA polymerase work?

A

3 prime to 5 prime along the old strand

26
Q

What joins the segments of DNA created on the lagging strand?

A

DNA ligase

27
Q

What are the fragments of DNA formed on the lagging strand called?

A

Okazaki fragments

28
Q

About how many base pairs are there in human DNA?

A

3 billion

29
Q

1 mutation occurs in about every ___ base pairs.

A

10,000

This would lead to about 300,000

30
Q

About how many mutations are left once the S phase is complete?

A

30

31
Q

mutation

A

a change in the sequence of DNA

32
Q

What can cause mutations?

A

mutagenic chemicals and radiation

33
Q

What removes many of the mutations before the S phase is complete?

A

DNA polymerase checks its work, and if not, the excision repair sequence fixes the mistake.

34
Q

What is the advantage of DNA polymerase checking its own work?

A

more efficient

35
Q

Why do most human cells need to correctly read DNA?

A

not to divide, but to complete everyday functions

36
Q

How are DNA replication errors detected in the excision repair sequence?

A

by the mismatch of the hydrogen bonds

37
Q

What recognizes the mismatch of the hydrogen bonds?

A

the enzyme nuclease

38
Q

What does nuclease do once an error is detected?

A

attach to the DNA, break the phosphodiester bond, and removes the erroronous section

39
Q

What enzyme fixes the errors removed by nuclease?

A

DNA polymerase

40
Q

What enzyme reforms the phosphodiester bond in the excision repair sequence?

A

DNA ligase

41
Q

Why is the excision repair sequence necessary?

A

without a way of repairing errors, lethal mutations would accumulate quickly

42
Q

Which nucleotides are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

43
Q

What are purines?

A

nucleotides with 2 rings

44
Q

Which nucleotides are pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

45
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

nucleotides with 1 ring

46
Q

What are the two types of nucleotides?

A

purines and pyrimidines

47
Q

Adenine bonds with…

A

Thymine

48
Q

Guanine bonds with…

A

Cytosine

49
Q

Thymine bonds with…

A

Adenine

50
Q

Cytosine bonds with…

A

Guanine

51
Q

How many bonds connect Adenine and Thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

52
Q

How many bonds connect Guanine and Cytosine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

53
Q

How can one tell which end of a nucleotide is the 5 prime end?

A

The 5 prime end has the oxygen molecule and the fifth carbon.

54
Q

How can one tell which end of a nucleotide is the 3 prime end?

A

The 3 prime end is opposite the oxygen molecule and the phosphate group of each nucleotide.

55
Q

Deoxyribose is a ___ carbon sugar.

A

5

N320 Biology Honors Semester 2 (3 decks)

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