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Unit 5 (jan) > Biology Wuestions > Flashcards

Biology Wuestions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

A

Prevent backflow of blood from left ventricle to left atrium

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2
Q

How does electrical impulse spread from one to another?

A

From sinoatrial node spread across the atria through atrial ventricular node with a time delay down the bundle of his up the purkinje fibres

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3
Q

How does caffeine change the cardiac output of the daphnia

A

Caffeine increases cardiac output because heart rate is increased caffeine is a stimulant it binds to the receptors and increases the electrical activity on the sinoatrial node

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4
Q

What happens when group be blood is transfused into a patient who has blood group O

A

Antibodies in group o bind to the donor antigens which causes the blood to clot and the red blood cells to be destroyed

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5
Q

Explain why in an emergency anyone can be given a transfusion with blood of type O rhesus negative

A

No antigens in group O so no binding with the recipient antibodies, so no clotting, not enough donor antibodies to react with recipients antigens

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6
Q

What is the term myogenic?

A

The muscle contracts on its own without signal from the brain and the cells are able to generate own electrical impulses

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7
Q

What is the function of the coronary artery?

A

Carries blood containing oxygen to the heart muscle

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8
Q

Explain how blocked coronary artery may lead to a heart attack

A

Less oxygen to heart walls so less respiration less ATP so part of the heart dies so heart cannot contract

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9
Q

What term describes the patients resting heart rate?

A

Tachycardia

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10
Q

Increase in the patient stroke volume increases their cellular respiration which enables them to be more active. Why does it happen?

A

More blood is pumped out of the heart at each beat so increase of blood to lungs so more oxygen available to cells therefore more aerobic respiration so more ATP production muscle contraction

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11
Q

Describe the function of the vena cava

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart

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12
Q

Give three functions of the capillaries

A

Carries oxygen to cells

Absorbs nutrients in the gut

Removes metabolic waste from cells

Makes tissue fluid in the kidneys

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13
Q

Explain how the structures of the walls of arteries and arterioles are related to the functions

A

The elastic tissue stretches under pressure and recoils to even out the pressure
The muscle contracts, which reduces the diameter of the lumen and changes flow
Has a smooth endothelium this reduces friction

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14
Q

State the function of cartilage in the wall of the trachea

A

Prevents collapsing to keep the airway open to keep its shape so air can flow in

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15
Q

Why is soda lime used in the spirometer

A

To remove carbon dioxide because carbon dioxide buildup is toxic and can lower the the blood pH and alter the breathing rate

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16
Q

What is the function of the plural fluid?

A

Reduce friction

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17
Q

Explain how the movements of the rib cage and diaphragm enables a person to inhale

A

The intercoastal muscles contract, the ribs move up and rib cage expands the diaphragm contracts and moves down which causes an increase in volume lungs get bigger so the pressure in the lungs is reduced

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18
Q

Name the muscles that caused the rib cage to move during breathing

A

Intercoastal

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19
Q

How is the structure in the lungs adapted to enable them to carry out the function?

A

The bronchi lining contains goblet cells and cillia which then produces mucus that traps pathogens
The lungs are protected by the rib cage
The alveoli allows gas exchange
And there’s lots of them, which gives a larger surface area, and it’s the faster rate of diffusion of gases
Elasticity for stretch and recoil
Capillaries maintains diffusion of gases

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20
Q

What happens during exhaling?

A

Rib muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Lung volume decreases
Pressure in lungs is greater than the outside
Air moves out of the lungs down pressure gradient

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21
Q

What happens during inhaling?

A

Rib muscles contract expanding rib cage up and out
Diaphragm contracts and moves down
Lung volume increases
Pressure and lungs is lower than outside
Air moves into lungs down pressure gradient

22
Q

What is the importance of excretion?

A

Removes metabolic waste as it is toxic and cannot be broken down by the body

23
Q

What is the importance of Osmoregulation?

A

Regulates salt and water content of the body which would cause cells to burst, which would alter blood pressure

24
Q

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of renal dialysis in treating kidney failure

A

The treatment can be given very quickly
Urea, which is toxic is removed from the body
No need for surgery
Glucose concentration of blood is maintained

Patient spent several hours attached to a dialysis machine
Usually in the hospital
Risk of blood clotting
Expensive
Possible shortage of machines

25
Q

There’s no urea in the dialysis fluid before dialysis begins. Why is this important?

A

To establish a concentration gradient to remove urea from the blood

26
Q

Describe how aldosterone increases blood pressure

A

Aldosterone acts on the collecting duct which re-absorbs salt. Water is absorbed by osmosis increasing blood volume.

27
Q

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of treating kidney failure with kidney transplantation

A

No need for continuous hospital visits
Eat a normal healthy diet
Overall more cost-effective
Straightforward surgery

Shortage of donors
Risk of infection
Risk of rejection
Transplant may fail
Not an immediate form of treatment

28
Q

What does the ureters do

A

Carries urine from kidneys to bladder

29
Q

What does the bladder do?

A

Stores urine and that allows it to pass out of the body

30
Q

What does renal arteries do?

A

Carries blood to the kidneys

31
Q

What does renal veins do?

A

Carries blood away from the kidneys

32
Q

Explain the effect of ADH on the rate of urine production

A

Less urine produced per minute
As more water is reabsorbed into blood

33
Q

What is the afferent arteriole

A

Arteriole that enters the Bowman capsule

34
Q

What happens in the Bowman capsule?

A

The high hydrostatic pressure created forces solutes out of the blood through penetrations in the capillaries to form glomerular filtrate

35
Q

Explain the process of ultra filtration

A

Occurs in the Bowman’s capsule
The afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent arteriole
This creates high pressure in the capsule
So smaller molecules are forced out of the glomerulus
Molecules in the filtrate includes water, urea, glucose and amino acids
Plasma proteins and cells are too large so they remain in the blood
Glomerular filtrate is then transported through the nephron

36
Q

What is the role of the loop of Henle

A

To create a very high concentration of salts in the tissue fluid of the medulla, through which the collecting duct passes

37
Q

What is the main role of distal convoluted tubule?

A

Controls the blood pH by adding or removing hydrogen ions
And makes final adjustments to the water and salts that are reabsorbed

38
Q

What are intrinsic proteins?

A

They are the membrane proteins, which are embedded completely or partly through the lipid bilayer of the membrane

39
Q

What are extrinsic proteins?

A

They are loosely bound proteins located outside the membrane

40
Q

What is the model for membrane structure known as the fluid Mosiac model?

A

Possible molecules move freely this makes the membrane fluid
Proteins are distributed evenly through the membrane in a mosaic pattern
And it’s called a model because we have the most evidence for this

41
Q

State 2 roles of cholesterol in the cell surface membrane

A

Mechanical stability, which regulate fluidity and prevents the loss of ions

42
Q

How do chloride ions leave the ciliated epithelial cell?

A

Bar facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient through a protein channel with no ATP involved

43
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise effectiveness?

A

Thin membrane, so short, diffusion distance
Large surface area, so lots of substance can diffuse at once
Ventilation for air to move out and in

44
Q

Describe how buildup of cholesterol in artery wall is a risk factor

A

Cholesterol combines with fatty substances to form plaque

Plaque slowly build up

Cells in the artery wall multiply in response

The artery becomes narrow

45
Q

Describe the ABO system and it’s importance in blood transfusions

A

Antigens are found on the red blood cells
Antigens on each type of blood are different
O has no antigens
AB has both antigens
Mismatches with the ABO type causes clumping of red blood cells
Which can be life-threatening

46
Q

Describe the role of the bicuspid valve in the cardiac cycle

A

During systole the vertical contracts, closing the by cuspid valve, this prevents backflow of oxygenated blood into the left atrium

47
Q

Describe the role of the sinoatrial node in the cardiac cycle

A

The sino atrial node is located in the right atria and in the pacemaker for the cardiac cycle

48
Q

Describe the systole phase of the cardiac cycle

A

The atria contracts and the blood moves into the ventricles, the ventricle contracts and the blood into the aorta

49
Q

Explain how smooth muscles controlled blood flow

A

. When it contracts, it reduces the flow of the blood to tissues when it relaxes there is an increase of blood to the tissues.

50
Q

Explain the role of chemo receptors in regulating heart rate

A

The chemo receptors will detect changes in pH of the blood as the blood becomes more acidic. The heart rate will increase more. Oxygen is transported to help neutralise the increase in acidity.

51
Q

State two functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Fights infections
Clot blood
Removes waste products
Delivers oxygen and nutrients

52
Q

Compare active transport and facilitated diffusion (6 marks)

A

Similarities
-Both involve molecules passing through cell surface membranes
-facilitated and active both use proteins
-both are increased when temperature increases as there is more kinetic energy and if it is too hot the channels may denature

Differences
-Active transport uses ATP
-active transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient
-Facilitated diffusion involved specific protein channels as the molecules are diffusing have a complementary shape to the receptors

Unit 5 (jan) (2 decks)

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