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biology vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

autotrophic

A

describing plants when they create their own food for energy

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2
Q

heterotrophic

A

when animals obtain their food from a range of different sources

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3
Q

where is energy released from?

A

glucose

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4
Q

respiration

A

a chemical reaction where energy is transferred in the form of ATP

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5
Q

excretion

A

the removal of toxic materials and substances from organisms

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6
Q

geotropism

A

a plants response to gravity (which causes the roots to grow down into the soil)

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7
Q

phototropism

A

a plant’s response to light (which causes shoots to grow towards sunlight)

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8
Q

locomotion

A

the movement of an organism from place to place

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9
Q

homeostasis

A

where organisms control their internal environment in order to keep conditions within required limits

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10
Q

thermoregulation

A

control of body temperature

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11
Q

glucoregulation

A

control of blood glucose levels

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12
Q

osmoregulation

A

control of water levels

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13
Q

transpiration

A

type of homeostasis technique within plants. where water evaporates from the stomata on the underside of the leaf (leading to heat loss)

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14
Q

reproduction

A

process that produces more of the same kind of organism

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15
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves the fusing of two gametes (male and female) to form a zygote that contains DNA from both parents.

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16
Q

asexual reproduction

A

only one parent cell required (an exact clone is produced)

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17
Q

what are the eukaryotic organisms?

A

animals, plants, fungi and protoctists

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18
Q

characteristics of a eukaryotic organism

A

can be multicellular or single-celled. contains a nucleus (DNA pouch)

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19
Q

what are the prokaryotic organisms?

A

bacteria

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20
Q

characteristics of a prokaryotic organism

A

always single-celled and do not contain a nucleus (instead, the nuclear material is found in the cytoplasm)

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21
Q

main features of fungi

A

most are multicellular, some can be single celled. contains a nucleus.

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22
Q

hyphae

A

multi cellular fungi with thread-like structures and contains many nuclei

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23
Q

main features of protoctists

A

mainly microscopic and single-celled. contains a nucleus

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24
Q

bacteria

A

a prokaryotic organism. microscopic single-celled organisms. lack a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane organelles.

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25
Q

examples of bacteria

A

lactobacillus and pneumococcus.

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26
Q

pathogen

A

any microorganism that causes disease in another organism

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27
Q

examples of pathogens

A

bacteria, fungi, protoctists and viruses (all of these besides viruses are harmless)

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28
Q

meninges

A

the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

pathogenic bacteria

A

do not always infect the hosts of cells

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30
Q

pathogenic fungi

A

much more common in plants than animals and are very serious, causing damage and killing wide ranges of crops.

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31
Q

characteristics of a virus

A

small particles, they are parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells. structured by a protein coat and contains either DNA or RNA.

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32
Q

unicellular

A

organisms are made from one cell

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33
Q

multicellular

A

organisms are made up of collections of cells. cells tend to be specialized to carry out specific functions. specialized cells form tissues, the tissues form organs, the organs form organ systems.

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34
Q

chloroplasts

A

assists in/needed for photosynthesis. provides food for plant. contains green pigment.

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35
Q

mitochondria

A

assists in/needed for aerobic respiration. provides energy for a cell.

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36
Q

ribosomes

A

assists in/needed for protein production for protein synthesis.

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37
Q

vesicles

A

used to transport substances from one cell to another.

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38
Q

adult stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that replace and repair cells

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39
Q

cell differentiation

A

a process where cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to be able to carry out their functions

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40
Q

stem cell

A

an organism that is capable of dividing an unlimited number of times

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41
Q

benefits of using stem cells in medicine

A

less chance of organ rejection.
can cure a wide variety of diseases.

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42
Q

risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

as stem cells are grown in a lab, there is a chance it could get infected.
risk of mutations occuring that can lead to them developing into cancer cells.
tends to be expensive.
ethical issues, like the thought of using an embryo incorrectly (instead of making a baby)

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43
Q

how do you calculate the amount of energy in joules?

A

mass x delta temperature x 4.2

44
Q

how do you calculate the amount of energy in joules per gram?

A

energy divided by mass

45
Q

digestive enzymes

A

break down big molecules into smaller ones (to be able to pass through the walls of the digestive system)

46
Q

what does bile do?

A

neutralizes substances high in acidity (as its an alkaline) also breaks (emulsifies) fat into tiny droplets

47
Q

isotonic

A

when an external solution is the same as an internal solution

48
Q

hypotonic

A

when an external solution is the lower than the internal solution

49
Q

hypertonic

A

when an external solution is the higher than the internal solution

50
Q

photosynthesis

A

process of making food (glucose) for the plant. occurs in the leaves of a plant.

51
Q

word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

52
Q

waxy cuticle

A

part of the leaf. helps to reduce water loss (by evaporation)

53
Q

stomata

A

part of the leaf. little holes that let carbon dioxide diffuse directly into the leaf

54
Q

what are limiting factors for photosynthesis?

A

light intensity, amount of carbon dioxide present, temperature

55
Q

what four main mineral ions do plants need for growth?

A

nitrates (making amino acids and proteins, needed for cell growth) , phosphates (making DNA and cell membranes, needed for respiration and growth) , potassium (help the enzymes needed for photosynthesis and respiration) , magnesium (needed for making chlorophyll)

56
Q

xylem tubes

A

carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves

57
Q

phloem tubes

A

transports food (sugars like amino acids) from the leaves to other parts of the plant. this is known as translocation

58
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water from the plant. caused by evaporation and diffusion of water. mostly occurs at the leaves

59
Q

what affects transpiration?

A

light intensity, temperature, wind speed and humidity

60
Q

word equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

61
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

glucose –> lactic acid ( + energy)
(glucose is partially broken down then lactic acid is produced)

62
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants

A

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+energy)

63
Q
A
64
Q

how are alveolis structured in order to perform gas exchange?

A

big surface area, moist thin lining, walls are permeable and they have a good blood supply

65
Q

plasma

A

pale yellow liquid that carries everything needed around the body (like red and white blood cells, carbon dioxide etc)

66
Q

platelets

A

cells that help blood clot. when there is a damaged blood vessel platelets clump together (with the help of fibrin) to plug the wound (blood clotting)

67
Q

red blood cells

A

carries oxygen (from the lungs) around the body. they are small and have a large surface area due to their donut like shape (biconcave) , contain haemoglobin and dont have a nucleus.

68
Q

pathogens

A

microorganisms that cause diseases (like bacteria and viruses)

69
Q

phagocytes

A

a type of white blood cell. these ingest pathogens. they do this by detecting unfamiliar things and engulf them

70
Q

lymphocytes

A

a type of white blood cell. these produce antibodies in order to clear pathogens. antibodies producedare specific to the type of antigen detected.

71
Q

memory cells

A

produced when the same antigen enters the body again.

72
Q

vaccinations

A

involves injecting dead or inactive pathogens into the body. this triggers an immune response so our lymphocytes can start producing antibodies. this is done so memory cells can be produced and will be able to fight off future pathogens.

73
Q

arteries

A

a type of blood vessel. responsible for carrying blood away from the heart and is pumped at high pressures. walls are thick, strong and elastic (allowing walls to expand) . lumen is thick

74
Q

capillaries

A

a type of blood vessel. responsible for the exchange of minerals. very tiny and have permeable walls (so that substances can diffuse in and out)

75
Q

veins

A

a type of blood vessel. responsible for carrying blood to the heart. contain valves to help blood flow in the right direction. have a big lumen

76
Q

what are the kidneys three main roles?

A

removal of urea (from the blood) , adjusts salt levels (in the blood) and adjusts water content (in the blood)

77
Q

stimulus

A

changes in the internal or external environment

78
Q

homeostasis

A

balancing and maintaining a constant internal environment.

79
Q

auxins

A

plant hormones that control growth at the tips of shoots and roots

80
Q

diploid

A

a human cell that has two copies of each chromosome in pairs

81
Q

genome

A

the complete genetic material of an organism

82
Q

alleles

A

different versions of the same gene

83
Q

gene

A

a short section of DNA that codes for a particular protein

84
Q

mitosis

A

involves one parent cell (so asexual reproduction) which means no variation (as there is only one parent cell) . when a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two cells with identical sets of chromosomes. mitosis also occurs when needed to repair damaged tissue.

85
Q

meiosis

A

involves two parent cells. this is where the mother and father produce gametes (sperm cells and egg cells) both fuse to make a zygote (with full set of 46 chromosomes) . then the zygote divides (cell division) and develops an embryo. there is genetic variation in meiosis. during meiosis, the cells divide twice.

86
Q

haploid

A

half the number of chromosomes (23) in a normal cell (gametes)

87
Q

stamen

A

male reproductive part in plant. consists of anther (containing pollen grains that produce sperm) and filament (stalk that supports the anther)

88
Q

carpel

A

female reproductive part in plant. consists of ovary (contains eggs) , stigma (where pollen grains attach to) and style (rod structured that supports the stigma)

89
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.

90
Q

cross pollination

A

where pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another. this type of reproduction relies on insects and the wind (to be able to transfer pollen)

91
Q

how can plants be adapted to insect pollination?

A

bright colored petals, scented flowers and nectar, produce sticky pollen grains (so its easier to latch onto insects) and the stigma is also sticky so pollen is able to stick to it easily.

92
Q

how can plants be adapted to wind pollination?

A

light and small pollen grains to be easily carried in the wind, long filaments (so that the anther sticks out and pollen grains are able to be blown away) and large stigma that sticks out (so pollen grains are able to attach to it)

93
Q

what conditions are needed in order for a seed to germinate?

A

water (to activate enzymes) , oxygen (for respiration) and suitable temperature.

94
Q

homozygous

A

when you have two alleles that are the same (eg : CC or cc )

94
Q

heterozygous

A

when you have two alleles that are different (eg : Cc )

95
Q

mutations

A

changes in genetic codes. they alter and change the DNA bases in a gene which produces a genetic variant (a different form of the gene)

96
Q

habitat

A

the PLACE where an organism lives

97
Q

population

A

ALL the organisms of ONE SPECIES in a habitat

98
Q

community

A

all the DIFFERENT species in a habitat

99
Q

ecosystem

A

all organisms and abiotic factors living in an area

100
Q

name some abiotic factors

A

light, temperature, bioaccumulation and toxic chemicals

101
Q

name some biotic factors

A

availability of food, predators present and competition

102
Q

how do you work out mean? (in quadrats)

A

total number of organisms divded by number of quadrats

103
Q

trophic level

A

the position of an organism in a food chain

104
Q

decomposers

A

consume dead plants or animals. they release enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of dead material into smaller molecules. as they break down this material, they release carbon dioxide back into the air during respiration

105
Q

when is carbon monoxide produced?

A

when fossil fuels are burnt without enough air supply

106
Q

fermintation

A

when microorganisms break sugars down to release energy (usually by anaerobic respiration)

biology vocab (1 decks)

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