Biology Unit 7 Flashcards
Cell
the basic unit of life, capable of carrying out all life processes
Cell Theory
states that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells
Light Microscope
uses visible light and lenses to magnify small objects
Scanning Electron Microscope
provides 3D images of surfaces by scanning with an electron beam
Transmission Electron Microscope
produces detailed internal images by transmitting electrons through a speciman
Prokaryote
a simple, single-celled organism without a nucleus (e.g bacteria)
Eukaryote
a more complex cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g plant and animal cells )
Cell wall
rigid layer providing structure and protection to bacterial cells
Flagella
tall-like structures that enable bacteria to move
Chromosomes
circular DNA molecule in bacteria, contacting genetic info
Ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis
Pathogenic bacteria
bacteria that causes diseases
Nucleus
the control center of the cell, containing DNA
Nuclear Envelope
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
Nuclear Pores
opening in the nuclear envelope that regulate the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus
Nucleolus
region inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made
Ribosomes
structures that synthesize proteins, found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis
Rough ER
studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis
Smooth ER
lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
Golgi Apparatus
modifies; sorts, and packages for transport
Vesicles
small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell
Lyosomes
organelles containing enzymes to break down waste
Peroxisomes
organelles that detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids
Vacuoles
large storage sacs in cells, especially prominent in plant cells
Microtubules
hollow tubes that provide structural support and are involved in cell division and transport
Centrosome
region where microtubules are organized
Centrioles
cylindrical structures involved in cell division in animal cells
Microfilaments
thin proteins filaments involved in movement and support of the cell
Cilia
short, hair-like structures that help move substances across the cell surface
Flagella
long, whip-like structures used for cell movement
Mitochondria
organelles that generate ATP through cellular respiration
Chloroplast
organelles in plants cells that carry out photosynthesis
The Endosymbiotic Theory
proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved when a prokaryotic cell engulfed another prokaryote, which became an organelle like mitochondria or chloroplast
The Plasma Membrane
the outer membrane of a cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell
Phospholipid Bilayer
two-layered arrangement of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane
Amphipathic
a molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts (like a phospholipid)
Selective Permeability
the ability of the cell membrane to allow some substances to pass while blocking others
The Fluid Mosaic Model
describe the plasma membrane as a flexible structure with various proteins embedded in it
Passive Transport
movement of substances across a cell membrane without energy input
Active Transport
movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP)
Diffusion
movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
diffusion of molecules across a membrane through protein channels
Osmosis
the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Aquaporins
water channels proteins in the cell membrane through protein channels
Isotonic solutions
solutions with equal concentrations of solutes inside and outside the cell
Hypertonic solutions
a solution with a higher solute concentration that inside the cell, causing water to leave the cell
Hypotonic solutions
A solution with a lower concentration than inside the cell, causing water to enter the cell
Osmotic Pressure
the pressure exerted by the movement of water during osmosis
Bulk Transport
the process of moving large particles or volumes across the cell membrane
Endocytosis
the process by which a cell takes in large particles by engulfing them
Phagocytosis
“cell eating”, where a cell engulfs solid particles
Pinocytosis
“cell drinking”, where a cell engulfs liquids
Exocytosis
the process by which a cell expels large particles