Biology Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

the basic unit of life, capable of carrying out all life processes

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A

states that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells

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3
Q

Light Microscope

A

uses visible light and lenses to magnify small objects

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4
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

provides 3D images of surfaces by scanning with an electron beam

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5
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

produces detailed internal images by transmitting electrons through a speciman

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6
Q

Prokaryote

A

a simple, single-celled organism without a nucleus (e.g bacteria)

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7
Q

Eukaryote

A

a more complex cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g plant and animal cells )

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

rigid layer providing structure and protection to bacterial cells

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9
Q

Flagella

A

tall-like structures that enable bacteria to move

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

circular DNA molecule in bacteria, contacting genetic info

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis

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12
Q

Pathogenic bacteria

A

bacteria that causes diseases

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

the control center of the cell, containing DNA

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14
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

double membrane surrounding the nucleus

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15
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

opening in the nuclear envelope that regulate the movement of substances in and out of the nucleus

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16
Q

Nucleolus

A

region inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

structures that synthesize proteins, found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

a network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis

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19
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis

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20
Q

Smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes; involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

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21
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

modifies; sorts, and packages for transport

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22
Q

Vesicles

A

small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell

23
Q

Lyosomes

A

organelles containing enzymes to break down waste

24
Q

Peroxisomes

A

organelles that detoxify harmful substances and break down fatty acids

25
Q

Vacuoles

A

large storage sacs in cells, especially prominent in plant cells

26
Q

Microtubules

A

hollow tubes that provide structural support and are involved in cell division and transport

27
Q

Centrosome

A

region where microtubules are organized

28
Q

Centrioles

A

cylindrical structures involved in cell division in animal cells

29
Q

Microfilaments

A

thin proteins filaments involved in movement and support of the cell

30
Q

Cilia

A

short, hair-like structures that help move substances across the cell surface

31
Q

Flagella

A

long, whip-like structures used for cell movement

32
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelles that generate ATP through cellular respiration

33
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelles in plants cells that carry out photosynthesis

34
Q

The Endosymbiotic Theory

A

proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved when a prokaryotic cell engulfed another prokaryote, which became an organelle like mitochondria or chloroplast

35
Q

The Plasma Membrane

A

the outer membrane of a cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell

36
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

two-layered arrangement of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane

37
Q

Amphipathic

A

a molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts (like a phospholipid)

38
Q

Selective Permeability

A

the ability of the cell membrane to allow some substances to pass while blocking others

39
Q

The Fluid Mosaic Model

A

describe the plasma membrane as a flexible structure with various proteins embedded in it

40
Q

Passive Transport

A

movement of substances across a cell membrane without energy input

41
Q

Active Transport

A

movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP)

42
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

43
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

diffusion of molecules across a membrane through protein channels

44
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

45
Q

Aquaporins

A

water channels proteins in the cell membrane through protein channels

46
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

solutions with equal concentrations of solutes inside and outside the cell

47
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

a solution with a higher solute concentration that inside the cell, causing water to leave the cell

48
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

A solution with a lower concentration than inside the cell, causing water to enter the cell

49
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

the pressure exerted by the movement of water during osmosis

50
Q

Bulk Transport

A

the process of moving large particles or volumes across the cell membrane

51
Q

Endocytosis

A

the process by which a cell takes in large particles by engulfing them

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“cell eating”, where a cell engulfs solid particles

53
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”, where a cell engulfs liquids

54
Q

Exocytosis

A

the process by which a cell expels large particles