Biology Unit 5 Flashcards
What is the typical frequency of the cardiac cycle?
60 to 70 times a minute
What is the role of the left atrium during the cardiac cycle?
Blood drains into the left atrium from the lungs and raises pressure, forcing the left tricuspid valve to open
What occurs during left ventricular systole?
The left ventricular muscles contract, closing the left tricuspid valve and opening the aortic semilunar valve
What is cardiac diastole?
The phase when the heart refills with blood
What is the purpose of an Electrocardiogram (ECG)?
To measure and present the electrical changes in the heart
What does the QRS complex represent in an ECG?
The time of ventricular systole
What does the P wave indicate in an ECG?
The time of atrial systole
What does the T wave signify in an ECG?
Repolarization of the ventricles during diastole
What is considered a normal heart rhythm in beats per minute?
Between 60 and 100 beats per minute
Define bradycardia.
Less than 60 beats per minute
Define tachycardia.
More than 100 beats per minute
What does a flat line on an ECG indicate?
No signal, indicating the need for resuscitation or death
What lifestyle factors can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
Age, gender, genetics, and dietary habits
What are the effects of high blood cholesterol on arteries?
Leads to fatty deposition in artery walls, narrowing the lumen of coronary arteries
What impact does smoking have on cardiovascular health?
Increases blood pressure and risk of aneurysm
What is the role of estrogen in cardiovascular health?
Provides some protection against CVD before menopause
What are common treatments for CVD?
- Anti-hypertensives (e.g., diuretics, calcium channel blockers) * Statins * Transplantation and immunosuppressants
What is a risk associated with statin treatment?
Muscle weakness and dependence on medication without dietary changes
What does HDL stand for?
High-density lipoprotein
What does LDL stand for?
Low-density lipoprotein
How does regular vigorous exercise affect CVD risk?
Reduces blood pressure and raises HDL levels
What is the correlation between LDL cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Higher LDL levels are associated with increased risk of CHD
Fill in the blank: The Framingham study investigated the link between _______ and coronary heart disease.
cholesterol types (HDL and LDL)
True or False: Ventricular diastole occurs when the ventricles are contracting.
False
