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Biology Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Classification

A

-grouping of organisms and ecosystems based on similarities.
-Taxonomy
-Hierarchy of groups (taxa) based on similarities.
-allows international standardisation.

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

grouping and naming of organisms

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3
Q

Linnaean system

A

-classifies similarities in physical features
-organised into hierarchal groups, successive level, smaller and more closely related than the one before.

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4
Q

Order of Linnaean system

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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5
Q

Broad taxa

A

Many organisms which share a few major similarities. e.g. Animal: eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotroph, levels of cell specialisation.

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6
Q

Narrow taxa

A

group of organisms sharing many specific features.

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7
Q

Binomial nomenclature is..

A

-Organism’s scientific name—-two words.
Genus —-> Starts with capital
Species—-> lowercase, italics or underlined

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8
Q

Limitations of Linnaean system

A

-doesn’t account for molecular evidence
-Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships, than physical similarities.

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9
Q

Methods of reproduction

A

-Asexual reproduction
-Sexual reproduction

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10
Q

Asexual reproduction is

A

-Single parent—> No gametes
-No genetic diversity

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11
Q

Sexual reproduction is

A

-two parents —> (gametes: eggs & sperm)
-genetic diversity

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12
Q

r & K selection

A

reproductive strategies
traits that determine the quality and quantity of offspring.

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13
Q

R - strategists

A

quantity = no.
Short lifespan, high rate of reproduction, maturing rapidly
Little to no care of young
Inhabiting changing environments.
Eg. insects, spider, rodents, bacteria

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14
Q

K - strategists

A

Quality = Survival
-long lifespan, low reproduction rate, maturing slowly
-care for their young
-Eg. most mammals, reptiles like sea turtles

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15
Q

Molecular phylogeny (Evolutionary past)

A

-genetic definition of species
-amount if genetic variation = base pair sequence/ no. of genes/ no. chromosomes
- to determine evolutionary relationships.

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16
Q

Molecular clocks

A

-changes in DNA sequences occur due to mutations
-use mutations to estimate evolutionary time
-Mutations add up at a constant rate in related species
-The greater the similarity, the more recent the evolutionary past

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17
Q

Amino acid sequencing

A

Closely related species, similar amino acid sequence, therefore similar gene for that protein.
Degree of similarity = number of mutations

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18
Q

DNA sequencing

A

Identify similarities in DNA samples by determining the exact number of nucleotide differences

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19
Q

Species interactions

A

Organisms interact, biotic & abiotic environment
Biotic = each other
Abiotic = their surroundings autotroph —> photosynthesis

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20
Q

PCDS(CAMP)

A

-Predation
-Competition
-Disease
-Symbiosis
—->Commensalism
—->Ammensalism
—->Mutualism
—->Parasitism

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21
Q

Predation

A

One organism, predator, kills & consumes another organism

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22
Q

Competition

A

Fight with another organism for the same resource
-Interspecific: between diff species
-Intraspecific: Between same species

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23
Q

Disease

A

Non-infectious
Infectious
Pathogens
Host
Vectors

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24
Q

Symbiosis

A

Long-term interaction between two diff species, at least one is affected : CAMP

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25
CAMP
Commensalism Ammensalism Mutualism Parasitism
26
Commensalism
One benefits, other is not harmed Eg. Barnacles on whale
27
Ammensalism
One species accidentally harms other, but does not benefit Eg. Cows trampling on grass
28
Mutualism
When bother species benefit Eg. A shark and a little cleaner fish attached to the shark
29
Parasitism
Lives in or on & feeds upon, not kill Eg. Tapeworm inside the body
30
Species
group of similar organisms that are capable of reproducing, fertile, viable offspring
31
Individual
one of a species
32
Community
all the species in the same area & their interactions
33
Population
group of individuals of the same species in same area at the same time
34
Environment
Area in which organisms live
35
Ecosystem
all living things within a environment & their interactions with each other (Biotic factor) and their interactions with the physical environment (abiotic factors)
36
Biotic factors
interactions between species PCDS[CAMP]
37
Abiotic factors
environment = water, light, soil, topography (slope)
38
Vegetation Zones
areas with similar types of plants, indicate abiotic factors (esp. temp, rainfall & altitude)
39
Habitat
place where an organism lives
40
Microhabitat
a small, specific area within a larger ecosystem that has its own unique set of environmental conditions & organisms.
41
Ecoregion
large ecological regions characterised by specific ecological patterns (climate conditions) made up of a number of habitats.
42
Biome
region of earth characterised by climate and dominant plant species
43
Biodiversity
describes the variety of range of all lifeforms (species), the genes they contain & the ecosystem of which they are a part of.
44
Species Diversity
no. of different species
45
Genetic diversity
refers to the variety of genes within a species gene pool
46
Ecosystem diversity
refers to variety of ecosystems found in large area [continent or globally]
47
Classifying ecosystems
important for management & conserve, to maintain biodiversity, preventing extinction. Ecosystems are independent
48
Spechts
structural features of plants - foliage cover & plant hieght
49
Holdridge
plant formations, climate: humidity, precipitation, & evaporation.
50
Ecosystem management (productive soils)
Soils (pH, porosity (space between soil particles), structure, salinity, nutrient contents & depth) determine the distribution & abundance of plants and therefore animals
51
soil management
-water runoff & erosion -porosity = ability to hold water -compaction affects porosity -essential for sustainable farming
52
old growth forests
-Many microhabitats -Store carbon -slow decomposition -slow turnover (stored in biomass then released by respiration) - storing carbon in plant matter -Slow growing
53
Sampling
representative of the population -random -systematic
54
random sampling
-each member has equal chance being selected - homogenous environment eg. oval, desert, beach dune, grassland -random number tables or generators
55
systematic sampling
-environmental gradient -Transects used along environmental gradient (abiotic factor changes over distance)
56
Define stratefied sampling
-breaks a large population into similar subgroups (strata) -samples randomly taken from each strata -used in habitats where areas are identified as being very different from eachother & used to be sampled separately
57
purpose for sampling
what info is required? -Population -Environmental -Site selection
58
Purpose for sampling (population)
-size -density -distribution
59
Purpose for sampling (environmental)
-gradients -profiles -zonation -stratification
60
Purpose for sampling (stratification)
-site selection will vary depending upon sampling method -Does site allow for representative sampling? -What are the environmental conditions? - safety is a concern
61
Environmental gradients
-Line transect - anything the line touches -Belt transect- anything withing the "belt" - give info on density not just abundancesa
62
sampling method
Quadrant? Everything?
63
Quadrant
-frame with which to sample -Density, Abundance, % coverage -Considerations: -How to place? -Random -Systematic, eg. transect -How many -Consistency
64
5 measures of biodiversity
-Percentage cover -percentage frequency -species richness species evenness -SDI- Simpsons diversity index
65
Percentage cover
-measure of area covered by organism. -calc by estimating percentage of each quadrat. -Limitation-qualitative judgment, obscured by vegetation layer/overlap divide quadrat into smaller pieces.
66
Percentage frequency
percentage quadrat which species appear. =(mean abundance of species/sum of mean of all speciec) x 100 =(no. of quadrats sampled containing sp./ no. of quadrat sampled) x100 Limitations: ignores density & distribution
67
Species Richness
tally count of no. of species within a area (s)=s(no. of different species present)/N^1/2(total no. of individual organisms) Limitation: ignores abundance.
68
Species evenness
no. of individual spresent of each sp. in ecosystem in relation to total no. of individuals of all species in area. show how evenly spread. shows the domination, or there are significant no.of individuals of many species.
69
SDI
ration of individuals in each species to the total individuals in ecosystem. probability 2 individuals randomly selected from samples belong to diff species Closer the value is to one, higher the biodiversity. SDI= 1-(Sum of n(n-1)/N(N-1)) n=no. of individuals of each species N=total no. of individuals at site
70
Capture Mark Recapture
-Used to estimate size of population of animals where it is impractical to count ever individual N=M x n/m M= no. of individuals initially caught, marked & released n= no. of individuals recaptured m=no. of recaptured individuals that were marked
71
What impacts upon Biodiversity
Natural fluctuations in weather (abiotic factor): change distribution and abundance -biotic factor: interspecific competition & mutualism Human impacts: land cleaning, monoculture, eutrophication.
72
Changing ecosystems
Ecosystems do no stay the same - they change with time & over distance (temporal & spatial) eg. A pond changes daily as sun rises and sets.
73
Zonation
defined as the arrangement of organisms along an environmental gradient (abiotic factors) Altitude zonation and Latitudinal Zonation
74
Organism cause change in environments by:
-provide food for others -Habitat -add organic matter via faeces & decomposition -change light availability -Alter CO2/O2 levels
75
Succession
a sequential change overtime in ecosystem a 1 community gradually replaces another as the environment changes (abiotic factors)
76
Primary Succession
Starts on uncolonised or redeposited bare substrates
77
Secondary Succession
Starts on site where former vegetation cover has been destroyed or severely disturbed, but soil formation processes have already taken place & soil seed banks are still present.
78
Colonisers
classified as ecological types of r & K selection, according to the logistic roles of population growth.
79
r- selected colonisers
-favoured in rapid changing environments as in earl stages of succession - immediately colonise favourable conditions in newly created habitats thus population grows rapidly, and increase biodiversity as more species appear.
80
K - selected colonisers
prioritise quality over quantity, investing in fewer offspring or settlers for long-term survival in stable, competitive environments.
81

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