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Biology Unit 3 > Biology Unit 3 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

biodiversity

A

sum of all biological variation, including ecosystem, species and genetic variation (ecosystem stability, species interaction, culture, tourism)

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2
Q

species evenness

A

measure of the proportion of each species in an area (relative abundance)

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3
Q

percentage cover

A

measures how much space a species occupies in that area

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4
Q

percentage frequency

A

measure of the number of times a plant species is present within a given number of samples

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5
Q

simpsons diversity index

A

measure of biodiversity that takes into account richness and evenness

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6
Q

intraspecific relationships

A

relationships between members of the same species

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7
Q

symbiosis

A

when two species of the organisms interact with each other in a close relationship

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8
Q

disease

A

a disorder of structure or function of an organism that is not a direct result of physical injury

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9
Q

predation

A

one organism attacks and kills another for food

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10
Q

competition

A

two individuals fight for specific resources, can occur between same species (intra) or different (inter)

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11
Q

cooperation

A

both benefit, but presence of one is not essential

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12
Q

commensalism

A

one benefits, one is unaffected

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13
Q

amensalism

A

one inhabits the other

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14
Q

parasitism

A

one organism lives in or on a host and harms it

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15
Q

abiotic factors

A

the non-living, physical conditions of habitats - organisms must be able to tolerate in order to survive

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16
Q

environmental factors

A

limit the survival and reproductions of a species

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17
Q

biological classification

A

systematic grouping of living things based on characteristics or hierarchical or phylogenetic relationships

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18
Q

Linnaean system

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (similarity of physical features)

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19
Q

asexual reproduction

A

reproduction does not need to have two parents, doesn’t involve the fusion of gametes or change in number of chromosomes

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20
Q

sexual reproduction

A

production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different sexes

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21
Q

r selection

A

biotic potential, density independent

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22
Q

k selection

A

carrying capacity of the environment, density dependent

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23
Q

molecular sequences

A

phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms

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24
Q

clade

A

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

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25
Q

cladistics

A

classification based on common ancestry, bifurcation, physical change

26
Q

biological species

A

group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring

27
Q

phylogenetic species

A

species are assigned on the basis of shared derived characters using genetics

28
Q

interspecific hybird

A

offspring resulting from cross-breeding of two different species (mule)

29
Q

ecosystem

A

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment, composed of varied habitats

30
Q

process of classifying ecosystems

A

important steps towards effective ecosystem management (coral reefs)

31
Q

stratified sampling

A

estimating population, density, distribution, environmental gradients and profiles, zonations, stratification - site selection

32
Q

stratified sampling choice of ecological surveying technique

A

quadrats, transects

33
Q

minimising bias

A

size and number of samples, random number generator, counting criteria, calibrating equipment and nothing associated precision

34
Q

methods of data presentation and analysis

A

random = ecosystem is relatively uniform. stratified = population is divided into subgroups then random of systematic is applied. systematic = random starting point the fixed random interval between sampling points

35
Q

solar energy

A

photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide most of the energy needed for life processes, produce biomass and interacts with components of the carbon cycle

36
Q

photosynthesis

A

suns energy is converted into chemical energy (glucose), occurs in plants

37
Q

cellular respiration

A

sugar is converted into CO2, H2O and energy, consumers need the energy from photosynthesis to create ATP

38
Q

food chains

A

model that shows a sequence and links of feeding relationships, follows the flow of energy between one producer and a single chain of consumers within an ecosystem

39
Q

autotroph

A

organism that makes it own food (producers - plants)

40
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that has to get its energy from another source (consumer)

41
Q

food web

A

collection of food chains interconnected from the same ecosystem, multiple consumers and producers

42
Q

energy loss in an ecosystem

A

through radiation, reflection and absorption

43
Q

Gross primary production

A

total amount of energy captured by photosynthesis, depends on the capacity of the producers to capture light energy and fix CO2

44
Q

net primary production

A

amount of energy available to the next trophic level (herbivores - after losses to respiration, determined by how much GPP goes into plant biomass)

45
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

continuous flow of elements and compounds between organims and the earth

46
Q

water cycle

A

path all water follows as it moves around earth. Liquid = oceans, solids = glaciers, snow, water vapour = atmosphere

47
Q

carbon cycle

A

process which carbon atoms continually travel from the atmosphere to the Earth then back to the atmosphere. the amount of carbon in this system does not change, however where the carbon is located in constantly changing

48
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

four stages

49
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

N moves from the atmosphere into the soil. N2 is converted into N compounds. Nitrates and ammonia resulting from nitrogen fixation are then assimilated

50
Q

ammonification

A

conversion of complex organic compounds into ammonia, include dead remains of plants and animals, nitrogenous waste. Carried out by decomposers, occurs in soil

51
Q

nitrification

A

occurs in soil the conversion of ammonia into nitrites and then nitrates by nitrifying bacteria. NH3 is oxidized to nitrates

52
Q

denitrification

A

denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into free atmospheric nitrogen

53
Q

ecological niche

A

functional role of an organism in an ecosystem, including its habitat and all its interactions with the abiotic and biotic components of the environment

54
Q

fundamental niche

A

theoretical potential use of resources for a particular species

55
Q

realised niche

A

represents the actual use of resource

56
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

two species with exactly the same ecological niche cannot coexist, because they would compete and one would exclude another

57
Q

keystone species

A

species that have a large effect on an ecosystem because they play a pivotal role in the way ecosystems work

58
Q

carrying capacity

A

size of a population that the available resources can sustain indefinitely

59
Q

density dependent factors

A

influenced by population density, usually biotic factors, involves decreasing birth rate and increasing death rate (competition and population density)

60
Q

density independent factors

A

isnt influenced by population density, usually abiotic factors, lead to sudden changes in population (natural diasters)

61
Q

k-species

A

logistic growth, s-curve

62
Q

r-species

A

exponential growth, j-curve

Biology Unit 3 (1 decks)

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