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Homeschool > Biology, Unit 2 > Flashcards

Biology, Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define plant

A

An organism that is usually green, has cell walls, made up of cellulose, cannot move around, and uses the sun’s energy to make sugar by photosynthesis.

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2
Q

List 3 common plants

A

trees, cactus, ferns

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3
Q

Four characteristics of plants

A
  1. Make their own food, 2. Are covered by a cuticle, 3. Have cell walls, 4. Have a 2-stage life cycle
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4
Q

**Photosynthesis (define)

A

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food.

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5
Q

chloroplasts

A

organelles that affect the color of a plant and in which photosynthesis takes place

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6
Q

chlorophyll

A

a green pigment that captures energy from the sun

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7
Q

cuticle

A

a waxy layer that coats most of the plant that is exposed to air

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8
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction in which sex cells from two parents unite to produce offspring that share traits from both parents

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9
Q

list and define the 2 stages of the plant life cycle

A
  1. gametophyte: the stage in which a small plant grows from a spore and produce sperm and eggs. 2. sporophyte stage: sexual reproduction stage - when a fertilized egg develops into a sporophyte which produces spores which develop into a gametophyte
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10
Q

spore (define)

A

a reproductive cell or multicellular structure that is resistant to stressful environmental conditions and that can develop into an adult without fusing with another cell

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11
Q

List and define two main types of plants

A
  1. nonvascular - plants that lack specialized conducting tissues 2. vascular - a plant that has specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and food through the
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12
Q

vascular tissue (define)

A

a plant that has specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and food through the plant

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13
Q

nonvascular (define)

A

plants that lack specialized conducting tissues to move water, nutrients, and foods around in the plant - mosses, hornworts, liverworts

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14
Q
A

angiosperms (flowers); gymnosperms (no flowers)

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15
Q

Why must nonvascular plants be short?

A

because they move water, nutrients, and food to the tops of the plants

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16
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density when water and nutrients move through a cell membrane into a cell)

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17
Q

What structure in a plant stores water

A

vacuole

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18
Q

name two types of nonflowering seed plants

A

choose two: conifers (evergreens with cones), cycads (pineapples are an example), ginkgoes, gnetophytes

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19
Q

Pollination

A

Pollination occurs when pollen from the stamen lands on a stigma (or female cones in conifers)

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20
Q

Fertilization

A

When a sperm joins with the egg inside an ovule

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21
Q

List the 5 steps after fertilization

A
  1. Flower gets fertilized 2. Embryo 3. Petals and stamen fall away 4. Fruit 5. Seeds scatter
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22
Q

Where do seeds and fruits come from?

A

The ovule

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23
Q

What are two functions of a fruit?

A

It protects seeds and it helps the plant spread seeds

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24
Q

Fruit (define)

A

the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food.

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25
Q

Plant embryo (define)

A

Fertilized egg

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26
Q

Dormant (define)

A

Describes the inactive state of a seed or another plant part when conditions are unfavorable to growth.

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27
Q

Which part of a plant grows first?

A

The roots

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28
Q

Asexual plant reproduction (define)

A

When part of a plant produces a new plant

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29
Q

3 Structures for asexual reproduction (list):

A
  1. Plantlets 2. Tubers 3. Run
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30
Q

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

A

Pollination happens when pollen is moved from the anther to the stigma, but fertilization happens inside the plant

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31
Q

why do you think roots are the first part of a plant to grow?

A

Because plants need water before sunlight to grow.

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32
Q

**fungi

A

any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

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33
Q

fungi common characteristics

A

own kingdom; eukaryotes; heteroroph; no clorophyl; spores

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34
Q

3 common fungi

A

mushrooms; yeast; athlete’s foot

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35
Q

hypha

A

fungi which grow as thread-like filaments, have pores, cell walls, septums with holes where organelles can move back and forth between cells

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36
Q

Two ways fungi differ from plants

A

No clorophyll; heterotrophs (consumers)

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37
Q

mycelium

A

the mass of fungal filaments, or hyphae, that forms the body of the fungus

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38
Q

heterotrophs

A

an organism that gets food by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot make organic compounds from inorganic material

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39
Q

decomposers

A

an organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal waste and consuming or absorbing the nutrients

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40
Q

mycorrhiza

A

the “mutualism” relationship between a plant and a fungus; plant provides nutrients to the fungus; the fungus helps the plant absorb minerals or protects plant from disease-causing organisms

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41
Q

**spores

A

A typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.

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42
Q

3 ways fungi can get food

A

Consumers - digestive juices onto food source

Decomposers - Eat dead plant/animal matter

Parasites

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43
Q

3 ways fungi use asexual reproduction

A

hyphae break and new piece becomes fungus

spores

spores spreading by wind

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44
Q

mold

A

fungus that looks like wool or cotton

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45
Q

sporangia

A

parts of hyphae grow into the air and form round spore cases

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46
Q

What 2 kinds of organisms make up a lichen?

A

fungus and algae

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47
Q

How do lichens make soil?

A

They break up rock

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48
Q

ecological indicators

A

Organisms whose health or lack thereof may indicate changes/problems in the ecosystem (e.g. disappearance of golden toads)

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49
Q

How does a mycorrhiza help both the plant and the fungus?

A

Plant provides nutrients; fungus helps get rid of disease-causing organisms and helps plant absorb minerals

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50
Q

How are a hypha and a mycelium related?

A

hyphae make up mycelium

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51
Q

What part of club fungus grows above ground? What part grows below ground?

A

spore-producing part is above; mycelium is below

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52
Q

Which group of fungi forms basidia during sexual reproduction?

A

club fungi

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53
Q

How do sac fungi usually reproduce?

A

asexually

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54
Q

Name 3 ways humans use sac fungi

A

yeast for bread/alcohol

antibiotics/vitamins

food

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55
Q

Define club fungi & give example

A

Umbrella shaped mushrooms

Grocery store food item

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56
Q

Define and give example of imperfect fungi

A

species that do not fit into other groups

athlete’s foot; Penicillium

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57
Q

lichen

A

a mass of fungal and algal cells that grow together in a symbiotic relationship

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58
Q

What part of the mushroom grows above ground?

A

The spore producing part

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59
Q

Name two diseases that can be caused by an imperfect fungus

A

athlete’s foot

cancer (from aflatoxin)

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60
Q

**yeast

A

a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

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61
Q

**algae

A

a simple, nonflowering, and typically aquatic plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and many single-celled forms. Algae contain chlorophyll but lack true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue.

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62
Q

**hydrophyte

A

a plant which grows only in or on water.

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63
Q

**photosynthesis equation

A

The photosynthesis equation is as follows: 6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water + energy from light produces glucose and oxygen. … In most plants, water is supplied from the roots, with the leaves collecting carbon dioxide via the stomata and sunlight captured by the chloroplasts in the leaves.

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64
Q

**clorophyll

A

a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring.

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65
Q

**frond

A

on a seedless vascular plant, the leaf or leaf like part

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66
Q

seedless plant

A

a plant that does not use seeds to reproduce

67
Q

2 main groups of plants

A

seedless seeded

68
Q

3 types of nonvascular plants

A

moss

liverworts

hornworts

69
Q

4 characteristics of nonvascular plants

A

no vascular tissue

no stems, roots, or leaves

get water from environment/other cells

live on trees, rocks, soil

70
Q

rhizoid

A

a rootlike structure in non-vascular plants that holds the plant in place and helps get nutrients

71
Q

2 stages of the life cycle of non-vascular plants

A

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

72
Q

2 ways non-vascular plants can reproduce

A

Asexually (plant fragments breaking off)

Sexually

73
Q

Two functions of rhizoid

A

help keep plant in place

help get nutrients

74
Q

Moss Life Cycle

A

Fertilized egg into sporophyte

Spores released into air

Spores grow into gametophytes

Sperm swim from male to female gametophyte

75
Q

Why are nonvascular plants often the first to grow in a new environment?

A

Spores are easily spread and soil is not required

76
Q

2 ways seedless vascular plants can reproduce

A

asexual (spores)

sexual (requires water - sperm swimming)

77
Q

2 stages of life cycle of seedless non-vascular plants

A

sporophyte

gametophyte

78
Q

fossil fuels

A

fuel from living things decaying over time

79
Q

What plant does coal come from?

A

seedless vascular plants

80
Q

How do seedless vascular plants help make soil?

A

The decompose into soil

81
Q

2 ways seedless nonvascular plants reproduce asexually

A

Asexual (Fragmentation)

Sexual

82
Q

How does nonvascular plant stucture limit their size?

A

they can’t transport nutrients

83
Q

How are some nonvascular plants important as food, nesting material, or fuel?

A

Food: animals eat; people use for managing food growth (compost, erosion control)

Nesting material: build nests from fibers

Fuel: peat moss can be dried and burned

84
Q

Why are seedless vascular plants usually larger than seedless nonvascular plants?

A

Vascular tissue can transport nutrients long distances

85
Q

How do the cells of a seedless vascular plant get water?

A

through vascular tissue; xylem transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from roots to various parts of the plant

86
Q

Fern life cycle

A

fertilized egg -> sporophyte

sporophyte releases spores

spores grow into gameophytes

sperm swims through water to fertilize egg

87
Q

**angiosperm

A

a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The angiosperms are a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.

88
Q

**root

A

the part of a plant which attaches it to the ground or to a support, typically underground, conveying water and nourishment to the rest of the plant via numerous branches and fibers.

89
Q

**stem

A

the main body or stalk of a plant or shrub, typically rising above ground but occasionally subterranean.

90
Q

**leaf

A

a flattened structure of a higher plant, typically green and blade-like, that is attached to a stem directly or via a stalk. Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesis and transpiration.

91
Q

**flower

A

the seed-bearing part of a plant, consisting of reproductive organs (stamens and carpels) that are typically surrounded by a brightly colored corolla (petals) and a green calyx (sepals).

92
Q

**seed

A

a flowering plant’s unit of reproduction, capable of developing into another such plant; protects and nourishes young plant

93
Q

3 differences of seed plants

A

have a seed that protects sporophyte

gametophytes are not independent from sporophyte

do not need water

94
Q

How do gametophytes of seedless plants differ from those of seed plants?

A

Seed plants have greatly reduced gametophytes that are produced on the plants themselves. The sporophytes produce the gametophytes in flowers or cones.

Seedless plants have separate gametophytes; the sporophytes and gametophytes are different organisms.

95
Q

3 main parts of seed

A

Young plant - or sporophyte

Coat - covers and protects seed

Stored Food - found in cotyledon

96
Q

**cotyledon

A

seed leaves that provide food for the plant

97
Q

fertilization

A

Pollen -> sperm -> egg

The sperm from the pollen enters the egg inside of the female flower’s ovary. The sperm fertilizes the egg.

98
Q

2 advantages of seeds over spores

A

food stored in seed

can be spread by animals

99
Q

**gymnosperm

A

Seed plants that do not have flowers or fruit; seeds usually protected by a cone.

100
Q

conifers

A

evergreen trees and shrubs such as pines, spruces, and firs that make cones to reproduce

101
Q

pollen

A

a grain that contains a tiny male gametophyte

102
Q

How is gymnosperm pollen carried from one plant to another?

A

Wind carries pollen from the male cones to the female cones

103
Q

Pine tree life cycle

A

sporophyte -> M/F cones

gametophyte (F cone; egg)

pollen (M cone)

seed

104
Q

3 uses of gymnosperms

A

medicine

wood

resin

105
Q

2 kinds of angiosperms

A

dicots and monocots

(dicotyledons and monocotyledons)

106
Q

**dicots

A

One of the two classes of angiosperms: Seeds have two cotyledons, leaves with branching veins, flower parts in fours or fives, bundles of vascular tissue are in a ring.

107
Q

**monocots

A

One of the two classes of angiosperms: Seeds have one cotyledon, leaves with parallel veins, flower parts in threes, bundles of vascular tissue are scattered.

108
Q

Where do angiosperm seeds develop?

A

Inside a fruit

109
Q

How do the fruits of dandelions spread?

A

By wind

110
Q

3 uses of angiosperms

A

Medicine

Wood

Fiber (cotton)

Grain food (wheat, rice, corn)

Fruit food (mango, apple, pear, etc)

111
Q

**germination

A

sprouting of seeds - occurs with right conditions of moisture, air, and temperature

112
Q

3 main parts of seed plant?

A

roots

shoots

reproductive system

113
Q

xylem

A

moves water and nutrients from roots to shoots

114
Q

phloem

A

moves food molecules to all parts of the plant

115
Q

3 functions of roots

A

absorbs water (h2o)

help plant hold on to soil

storage of food

116
Q

epidermis

A

layer of cells that covers the outside of the root

117
Q

root hairs

A

stick out from root; expose more cells to water and minerals in the soil

118
Q

root cap

A

group of cells at tip of a root; produces slimy substance; helps root push through the soil as it grows

119
Q

What happens to water and minerals right after they are absorbed by roots?

A

Diffuse to xylem

120
Q

taproot system

A

1 main trunk-like root

121
Q

fibrous root system

A

several roots that spread out from the base of the plant’s stem

122
Q

4 functions of stems

A

support plant

hold reproductive structures

move materials

store materials

123
Q

2 types of stems (and define)

A

herbaceous (live only one season)

woody (live many years; trees/shrubs)

124
Q

dormant

A

phase where plant is not growing or reproducing

125
Q

growth ring

A

ring of cells in cross section of woody plant; the increment of cells added in one growth period

ring of dark cells surrounding a ring of light cells; sometimes used to tell the age of a tree

126
Q

2 purposes of leaves

A

Make food

Exchange gases (respiration & photosynthesis)

Evaporation of water

Store food

Vegetative propagation

127
Q

cuticle

A

protective and waxy layer covering the epidermis of a plant; prevents water loss

128
Q

epidermis

A

single layer of cells beneath the cuticle

129
Q

stomata

A

tiny openings (pores) in plant tissue (epidermis) that allow for gas exchange

130
Q

guard cells

A

open and close the stomata (for gas exchange)

131
Q

sepal

A

leaves that make up the outer ring of flower parts

132
Q

petal

A

leaflike parts of a flower; they make up the next ring inside of the sepals

133
Q

stamen

A

male reproductive structure of a flower

134
Q

pistil

A

female reproductive structure of a flower

135
Q

ovary

A

rounded base of the pistil

136
Q

anther/filament

A

parts of the stamen

137
Q

stigma/style/ovary

A

parts of the pistil

138
Q

Where is clorophyll found in a plant cell?

A

chloroplasts

139
Q

2 products of photosynthesis

A

glucose

oxygen

140
Q

glucose

A

sugar molecule that stores energy

141
Q

Which cell structures release the energy stored in sugar?

A

mitochondrion

142
Q

cellular respiration

A

process by which a cells use oxygen to produce energy from food

143
Q

transpiration

A

process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata

144
Q

gases entering/exiting stomata

A

co2 enters; h2o and o2 exit

145
Q

During photosynthesis, plants store light energy as?

A

Chemical energy (sugars)

146
Q

2 reasons photosynthesis is important

A

animals eat plants (photosynthesis produces the food source for the food chain)

animals breathe oxygen (photosynthesis produces oxygen through transpiration)

147
Q

Plants need to take in co2; why don’t they keep stomata open all the time?

A

To mimize water loss

Can’t take in co2 without also releasing h2o at the same time; usually close at night to preserve water

148
Q

stimulus

A

anything that causes a reaction

149
Q

tropism

A

growth in response to stimulus

150
Q

What kind of stimuli do plants respond to?

A

light, gravity, water, etc.

151
Q

phototropism

A

growth in response to light

152
Q

gravitropism

A

growth in response to gravity

153
Q

short-day plants

A

A plant that requires a long period of darkness, is termed a “short day” (long night) plant. Short-day plants form flowers only when day length is less than about 12 hours.

154
Q

long-day plants

A

Plants that require a “long day” (short night) to flower. These bloom only when they receive more than 12 hours of light.

155
Q

What is the effect of seasons on leaf color?

A

During growing seasons, clorophyll is abundant and makes leaves green (masks out other colors)

In fall, plants stop food-making and clorophyll breaks down, the green color disappears, allowing the leaf color to appear

156
Q

plant needles

A

small needle-shaped leaves

157
Q

**evergreen

A

trees that shed leaves year round, but always have some leaves

158
Q

**deciduous

A

trees that lose all leaves around the same time each year

159
Q

What is the difference between a negative tropism and a positive tropism?

A

Negative is the growth of an organism AWAY from a particular stimulus (e.g., gravity)

Positive is growth TOWARD a stimulus (e.g., light)

160
Q

What happens when a plant gets light from only one direction?

A

It grows toward the light

161
Q

What stimulus causes seasonal changes in many plants?

A

The amount of daylight time

162
Q

Many evergreen trees live in areas with long, cold winters. How can they keep their leaves all year?

A

Cuticles are thick

163
Q
A

Homeschool (11 decks)

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