Biology, Unit 2 Flashcards
Define plant
An organism that is usually green, has cell walls, made up of cellulose, cannot move around, and uses the sun’s energy to make sugar by photosynthesis.
List 3 common plants
trees, cactus, ferns
Four characteristics of plants
- Make their own food, 2. Are covered by a cuticle, 3. Have cell walls, 4. Have a 2-stage life cycle
**Photosynthesis (define)
The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food.
chloroplasts
organelles that affect the color of a plant and in which photosynthesis takes place
chlorophyll
a green pigment that captures energy from the sun
cuticle
a waxy layer that coats most of the plant that is exposed to air
sexual reproduction
reproduction in which sex cells from two parents unite to produce offspring that share traits from both parents
list and define the 2 stages of the plant life cycle
- gametophyte: the stage in which a small plant grows from a spore and produce sperm and eggs. 2. sporophyte stage: sexual reproduction stage - when a fertilized egg develops into a sporophyte which produces spores which develop into a gametophyte
spore (define)
a reproductive cell or multicellular structure that is resistant to stressful environmental conditions and that can develop into an adult without fusing with another cell
List and define two main types of plants
- nonvascular - plants that lack specialized conducting tissues 2. vascular - a plant that has specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and food through the
vascular tissue (define)
a plant that has specialized tissues that transport water, nutrients, and food through the plant
nonvascular (define)
plants that lack specialized conducting tissues to move water, nutrients, and foods around in the plant - mosses, hornworts, liverworts
angiosperms (flowers); gymnosperms (no flowers)
Why must nonvascular plants be short?
because they move water, nutrients, and food to the tops of the plants
diffusion
the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density when water and nutrients move through a cell membrane into a cell)
What structure in a plant stores water
vacuole
name two types of nonflowering seed plants
choose two: conifers (evergreens with cones), cycads (pineapples are an example), ginkgoes, gnetophytes
Pollination
Pollination occurs when pollen from the stamen lands on a stigma (or female cones in conifers)
Fertilization
When a sperm joins with the egg inside an ovule
List the 5 steps after fertilization
- Flower gets fertilized 2. Embryo 3. Petals and stamen fall away 4. Fruit 5. Seeds scatter
Where do seeds and fruits come from?
The ovule
What are two functions of a fruit?
It protects seeds and it helps the plant spread seeds
Fruit (define)
the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food.
Plant embryo (define)
Fertilized egg
Dormant (define)
Describes the inactive state of a seed or another plant part when conditions are unfavorable to growth.
Which part of a plant grows first?
The roots
Asexual plant reproduction (define)
When part of a plant produces a new plant
3 Structures for asexual reproduction (list):
- Plantlets 2. Tubers 3. Run
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
Pollination happens when pollen is moved from the anther to the stigma, but fertilization happens inside the plant
why do you think roots are the first part of a plant to grow?
Because plants need water before sunlight to grow.
**fungi
any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.
fungi common characteristics
own kingdom; eukaryotes; heteroroph; no clorophyl; spores
3 common fungi
mushrooms; yeast; athlete’s foot
hypha
fungi which grow as thread-like filaments, have pores, cell walls, septums with holes where organelles can move back and forth between cells
Two ways fungi differ from plants
No clorophyll; heterotrophs (consumers)
mycelium
the mass of fungal filaments, or hyphae, that forms the body of the fungus
heterotrophs
an organism that gets food by eating other organisms or their byproducts and that cannot make organic compounds from inorganic material
decomposers
an organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal waste and consuming or absorbing the nutrients
mycorrhiza
the “mutualism” relationship between a plant and a fungus; plant provides nutrients to the fungus; the fungus helps the plant absorb minerals or protects plant from disease-causing organisms
**spores
A typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.
3 ways fungi can get food
Consumers - digestive juices onto food source
Decomposers - Eat dead plant/animal matter
Parasites
3 ways fungi use asexual reproduction
hyphae break and new piece becomes fungus
spores
spores spreading by wind
mold
fungus that looks like wool or cotton
sporangia
parts of hyphae grow into the air and form round spore cases
What 2 kinds of organisms make up a lichen?
fungus and algae
How do lichens make soil?
They break up rock
ecological indicators
Organisms whose health or lack thereof may indicate changes/problems in the ecosystem (e.g. disappearance of golden toads)
How does a mycorrhiza help both the plant and the fungus?
Plant provides nutrients; fungus helps get rid of disease-causing organisms and helps plant absorb minerals
How are a hypha and a mycelium related?
hyphae make up mycelium
What part of club fungus grows above ground? What part grows below ground?
spore-producing part is above; mycelium is below
Which group of fungi forms basidia during sexual reproduction?
club fungi
How do sac fungi usually reproduce?
asexually
Name 3 ways humans use sac fungi
yeast for bread/alcohol
antibiotics/vitamins
food
Define club fungi & give example
Umbrella shaped mushrooms
Grocery store food item
Define and give example of imperfect fungi
species that do not fit into other groups
athlete’s foot; Penicillium
lichen
a mass of fungal and algal cells that grow together in a symbiotic relationship
What part of the mushroom grows above ground?
The spore producing part
Name two diseases that can be caused by an imperfect fungus
athlete’s foot
cancer (from aflatoxin)
**yeast
a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
**algae
a simple, nonflowering, and typically aquatic plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and many single-celled forms. Algae contain chlorophyll but lack true stems, roots, leaves, and vascular tissue.
**hydrophyte
a plant which grows only in or on water.
**photosynthesis equation
The photosynthesis equation is as follows: 6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water + energy from light produces glucose and oxygen. … In most plants, water is supplied from the roots, with the leaves collecting carbon dioxide via the stomata and sunlight captured by the chloroplasts in the leaves.
**clorophyll
a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring.
**frond
on a seedless vascular plant, the leaf or leaf like part
seedless plant
a plant that does not use seeds to reproduce
2 main groups of plants
seedless seeded
3 types of nonvascular plants
moss
liverworts
hornworts
4 characteristics of nonvascular plants
no vascular tissue
no stems, roots, or leaves
get water from environment/other cells
live on trees, rocks, soil
rhizoid
a rootlike structure in non-vascular plants that holds the plant in place and helps get nutrients
2 stages of the life cycle of non-vascular plants
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
2 ways non-vascular plants can reproduce
Asexually (plant fragments breaking off)
Sexually
Two functions of rhizoid
help keep plant in place
help get nutrients
Moss Life Cycle
Fertilized egg into sporophyte
Spores released into air
Spores grow into gametophytes
Sperm swim from male to female gametophyte
Why are nonvascular plants often the first to grow in a new environment?
Spores are easily spread and soil is not required
2 ways seedless vascular plants can reproduce
asexual (spores)
sexual (requires water - sperm swimming)
2 stages of life cycle of seedless non-vascular plants
sporophyte
gametophyte
fossil fuels
fuel from living things decaying over time
What plant does coal come from?
seedless vascular plants
How do seedless vascular plants help make soil?
The decompose into soil
2 ways seedless nonvascular plants reproduce asexually
Asexual (Fragmentation)
Sexual
How does nonvascular plant stucture limit their size?
they can’t transport nutrients
How are some nonvascular plants important as food, nesting material, or fuel?
Food: animals eat; people use for managing food growth (compost, erosion control)
Nesting material: build nests from fibers
Fuel: peat moss can be dried and burned
Why are seedless vascular plants usually larger than seedless nonvascular plants?
Vascular tissue can transport nutrients long distances
How do the cells of a seedless vascular plant get water?
through vascular tissue; xylem transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from roots to various parts of the plant
Fern life cycle
fertilized egg -> sporophyte
sporophyte releases spores
spores grow into gameophytes
sperm swims through water to fertilize egg
**angiosperm
a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The angiosperms are a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.
**root
the part of a plant which attaches it to the ground or to a support, typically underground, conveying water and nourishment to the rest of the plant via numerous branches and fibers.
**stem
the main body or stalk of a plant or shrub, typically rising above ground but occasionally subterranean.
**leaf
a flattened structure of a higher plant, typically green and blade-like, that is attached to a stem directly or via a stalk. Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesis and transpiration.
**flower
the seed-bearing part of a plant, consisting of reproductive organs (stamens and carpels) that are typically surrounded by a brightly colored corolla (petals) and a green calyx (sepals).
**seed
a flowering plant’s unit of reproduction, capable of developing into another such plant; protects and nourishes young plant
3 differences of seed plants
have a seed that protects sporophyte
gametophytes are not independent from sporophyte
do not need water
How do gametophytes of seedless plants differ from those of seed plants?
Seed plants have greatly reduced gametophytes that are produced on the plants themselves. The sporophytes produce the gametophytes in flowers or cones.
Seedless plants have separate gametophytes; the sporophytes and gametophytes are different organisms.
3 main parts of seed
Young plant - or sporophyte
Coat - covers and protects seed
Stored Food - found in cotyledon
**cotyledon
seed leaves that provide food for the plant
fertilization
Pollen -> sperm -> egg
The sperm from the pollen enters the egg inside of the female flower’s ovary. The sperm fertilizes the egg.
2 advantages of seeds over spores
food stored in seed
can be spread by animals
**gymnosperm
Seed plants that do not have flowers or fruit; seeds usually protected by a cone.
conifers
evergreen trees and shrubs such as pines, spruces, and firs that make cones to reproduce
pollen
a grain that contains a tiny male gametophyte
How is gymnosperm pollen carried from one plant to another?
Wind carries pollen from the male cones to the female cones
Pine tree life cycle
sporophyte -> M/F cones
gametophyte (F cone; egg)
pollen (M cone)
seed
3 uses of gymnosperms
medicine
wood
resin
2 kinds of angiosperms
dicots and monocots
(dicotyledons and monocotyledons)
**dicots
One of the two classes of angiosperms: Seeds have two cotyledons, leaves with branching veins, flower parts in fours or fives, bundles of vascular tissue are in a ring.
**monocots
One of the two classes of angiosperms: Seeds have one cotyledon, leaves with parallel veins, flower parts in threes, bundles of vascular tissue are scattered.
Where do angiosperm seeds develop?
Inside a fruit
How do the fruits of dandelions spread?
By wind
3 uses of angiosperms
Medicine
Wood
Fiber (cotton)
Grain food (wheat, rice, corn)
Fruit food (mango, apple, pear, etc)
**germination
sprouting of seeds - occurs with right conditions of moisture, air, and temperature
3 main parts of seed plant?
roots
shoots
reproductive system
xylem
moves water and nutrients from roots to shoots
phloem
moves food molecules to all parts of the plant
3 functions of roots
absorbs water (h2o)
help plant hold on to soil
storage of food
epidermis
layer of cells that covers the outside of the root
root hairs
stick out from root; expose more cells to water and minerals in the soil
root cap
group of cells at tip of a root; produces slimy substance; helps root push through the soil as it grows
What happens to water and minerals right after they are absorbed by roots?
Diffuse to xylem
taproot system
1 main trunk-like root
fibrous root system
several roots that spread out from the base of the plant’s stem
4 functions of stems
support plant
hold reproductive structures
move materials
store materials
2 types of stems (and define)
herbaceous (live only one season)
woody (live many years; trees/shrubs)
dormant
phase where plant is not growing or reproducing
growth ring
ring of cells in cross section of woody plant; the increment of cells added in one growth period
ring of dark cells surrounding a ring of light cells; sometimes used to tell the age of a tree
2 purposes of leaves
Make food
Exchange gases (respiration & photosynthesis)
Evaporation of water
Store food
Vegetative propagation
cuticle
protective and waxy layer covering the epidermis of a plant; prevents water loss
epidermis
single layer of cells beneath the cuticle
stomata
tiny openings (pores) in plant tissue (epidermis) that allow for gas exchange
guard cells
open and close the stomata (for gas exchange)
sepal
leaves that make up the outer ring of flower parts
petal
leaflike parts of a flower; they make up the next ring inside of the sepals
stamen
male reproductive structure of a flower
pistil
female reproductive structure of a flower
ovary
rounded base of the pistil
anther/filament
parts of the stamen
stigma/style/ovary
parts of the pistil
Where is clorophyll found in a plant cell?
chloroplasts
2 products of photosynthesis
glucose
oxygen
glucose
sugar molecule that stores energy
Which cell structures release the energy stored in sugar?
mitochondrion
cellular respiration
process by which a cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
transpiration
process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata
gases entering/exiting stomata
co2 enters; h2o and o2 exit
During photosynthesis, plants store light energy as?
Chemical energy (sugars)
2 reasons photosynthesis is important
animals eat plants (photosynthesis produces the food source for the food chain)
animals breathe oxygen (photosynthesis produces oxygen through transpiration)
Plants need to take in co2; why don’t they keep stomata open all the time?
To mimize water loss
Can’t take in co2 without also releasing h2o at the same time; usually close at night to preserve water
stimulus
anything that causes a reaction
tropism
growth in response to stimulus
What kind of stimuli do plants respond to?
light, gravity, water, etc.
phototropism
growth in response to light
gravitropism
growth in response to gravity
short-day plants
A plant that requires a long period of darkness, is termed a “short day” (long night) plant. Short-day plants form flowers only when day length is less than about 12 hours.
long-day plants
Plants that require a “long day” (short night) to flower. These bloom only when they receive more than 12 hours of light.
What is the effect of seasons on leaf color?
During growing seasons, clorophyll is abundant and makes leaves green (masks out other colors)
In fall, plants stop food-making and clorophyll breaks down, the green color disappears, allowing the leaf color to appear
plant needles
small needle-shaped leaves
**evergreen
trees that shed leaves year round, but always have some leaves
**deciduous
trees that lose all leaves around the same time each year
What is the difference between a negative tropism and a positive tropism?
Negative is the growth of an organism AWAY from a particular stimulus (e.g., gravity)
Positive is growth TOWARD a stimulus (e.g., light)
What happens when a plant gets light from only one direction?
It grows toward the light
What stimulus causes seasonal changes in many plants?
The amount of daylight time
Many evergreen trees live in areas with long, cold winters. How can they keep their leaves all year?
Cuticles are thick
