BIOLOGY UNIT 2 Flashcards
nucleus
contains genetic material and controls the cells activities
cytoplasm
chemical reactions take place
cell membrane
control movements in and out of cell
mitochondria
where energy is released during aerobic respiration
ribosomes
where protein synthesis takes place
chloroplasts
contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
cell wall
made of cellulose which supports the cell
permanent vacuole
contains cell sap
bacteria
do not have a nucleus
the genetic material is in the cytoplasm
when bacteria multiply they form a colony
diffusion
spreading out of particles across areas of high to low concentration
tissue
a group of cells with similar structure and function
muscle tissue
contracts to bring about movement
glandular tissue
secrete produces substances such as enzymes or hormones
xylem and phloem
transport substances around the plant
word equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water — glucose + oxygen
conditions plants need to grow
light, carbon dioxide, water and kept at a suitable temperature
-if any of these factors are not met-
then they will be limiting factors
what is glucose from photosynthesis used for?
converted into insoluble starch for storage
use for respiration
converted into fats and oils for storage
used to produce proteins
used to produce cellulose-which strengthens cell walls
quadrat
square frame made of metal or wood
used in sampling
used to estimate number of (for example- daisies in a field)
transect
a line across a habitat where the number of organisms can be seen and recorded at regular intervals along it
repeatable
if the original experimenter repeats the investigation using the same method and equipment and gets the same results
reproducible
if the investigation is repeated by another person OR by using different equipment/techniques and you still get the same results
protein molecules
long chains of amino acids
enzymes
biological catalysts- they speed up reactions
large proteins and the shape of the enzyme is vital for its function- it has an area where other molecules can fit - the active site
amylase
produced by
salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine
digestion of starch into sugars
protease
produced by
stomach, pancreas and small intestine
breakdown of proteins into amino acids
lipase
produced by
pancreas and small intestine
breakdown of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol
bile
the liver produces bile and it is stored in the gall bladder
the bile is alkaline so neutralises the stomach acid helping the enzymes work better
biological detergents
contain proteases and lipases that digest food stains
the word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose+oxygen —carbon dioxide + water
what happens when you exercise?
your body needs to increase the rate at which oxygen and glucose reach the muscle cells
the heart rate increases and the blood vessels supplying the muscles dilate (widen)
your breathing rate and depth of each breath also increases
anaerobic respiration
without or not enough oxygen
lactic acid gets produced which causes fatigue
MITosis
making identical two- no fusing of gametes
MEiosis
making eggs- fusing of gametes
stem cells
unspecialised
found in human embryo and in adult bone marrow
gregor mendel
worked out how characteristics are inherited
genes make up the chromosomes, which control our characteristics
how many chromosomes do we have?
23
alleles
genes controlling the same characteristics
phenotype
physical apperance of the characteristic
genetype
the genetic make up
polydactyly
where a baby is born with extra fingers or toes
cystic fibrosis
caused by a recessive allele
thick sticky mucus on lungs and pancreas
extinction
a species which once existed has completely dies out
speciation
has occurred when the two populations can no longer successfully interbreed
