Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science > Biology unit 2 > Flashcards

Biology unit 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How quickly can the body carry electrical impulses?

A

Up 120m/sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are receptors?

A

A group of specialised cells which detect stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s a stimuli?

A

Change in environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the stimuli detections converted into?

A

Electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are receptors often located?

A

In the sense organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the sense organs?

A

Skin, tongue, nose, eyes and ears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are each of the sense organs receptive to?

A

Skin: Touch, pain, pressure and temperature

Tongue: Chemicals in food (taste)

Nose: Chemicals in air (smell)

Eyes: Light

Ears: Sound (and head position, balance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the CNS (Central Nervous System) consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens when a receptor is stimulated?

A

It sends a signal along the nerve cells (neurones) to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a neurone

A

A nerve cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an effector?

A

Any part of the body that produces a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an example of an effector in a human body

A

Muscle contracting to move the arm/muscle squeezing saliva from the salivary gland/a gland releasing a hormone into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pattern for a conscious response?

A

Stimulus-> Receptor-> Sensory Neurone->Relay Neurone-> Coordinator-> Motor neurone ->
Effector->Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of a CONSCIOUS response

A
  1. ) Sensor cell detects stimulus (I.e treading on a pin) which is STIMULUS AND RECEPTOR
  2. )Nerves transmit the impulse from the sensor cell to the spinal cord (which is SENSORY NEURONE in the pattern)
  3. ) Nerves in the spinal cord transmit impulses to and from the brain (RELAY NEURONE)
  4. )Brain coordinates a response to stimulus (COORDINATOR)
  5. )Neurones transmit the impulse from the spinal cord to the effector cell (MOTOR NEURONE)
  6. ) Effector cell causes muscle to contract, lifting foot away from the pin (EFFECTOR AND RESPONSE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the pattern for a REFLEX response?

A

Stimulus->Receptor->Sensory Neurone->Relay Neurone->Motor Neurone->Effector->Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give an example of a REFLEX RESPONSE

A

The way the eye reacts to light, I.e
In bright light, the radial muscles of the iris contract which results in less light entering through the eye via the contracted pupil
In dim light, radial muscles of the iris contract and circular muscles of the iris relax, resulting in more light entering through the eyes via the dialysed pupil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a co-ordinator?

A

Part of the body that coordinates a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a response?

A

A change in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do neurones carry?

A

Information as tiny electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the three types of neurones and their functions

A

Motor neurone: Carry signals from CNS (central nervous system) to effectors
Sensory neurones: Carry signals from the receptors to brain and spinal cord
Relay neurones: Carry messages from one pet of the CNS to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the parts of a neurone

A

The neurone has: a cell body (containing cell membrane, cyptoplasm and dendrites (convey nerve impulses to body)
Nerve endings: Where synapses are located (connection between 2 neurones)
Axon: Long extension from neurone to carry the impulse
Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens when 2 neurones meet?

A

When 2 neurones meet, there is a gap called a ‘synapse’. Signals cross this gap using chemicals; one neurone releases the chemical into the gap and the chemical diffuses across, resulting in the next neurone transmitting an electrical signal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a REFLEX response?

A

A quick response that happens without thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the REFLEX response miss our?

A

Brain signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What temperature does the body need to stay at?

A

37 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for a function in a response to internal and external changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does homeostasis maintain?

A

Conditions for enzyme action and cell functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does homeostasis control in the body?

A

Blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

When something’s too high, it will get brought back down and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is body temp controlled by?

A

Thermoregulatory centre in brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the thermoregulatory centre contain?

A

Receptors sensitive to temperature of blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the skin contain

A

Temperature receptors and sends nervous impulses to the thermoregulatory centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens if the body temp is too high

A

Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced from the sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens if body temp is too low?

A

Blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) and sweating stops and skeletal muscles contract (shiver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does water leave the body?

A

Via lungs through exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does water, ions and urea leave the body?

A

Sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Is there any control over water, ion or urea loss by lungs or skin?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How is excess water, ions and urea removed?

A

Via kidneys in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the digestion of proteins from diet result in?

A

Amino acids, which need to be excited as in the liver it turns into ammonia, which is toxic, so it is immediately converted to urea for safe excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What happens if body cells lose or gain too much water by osmosis?

A

Don’t function efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How does the function of the kidneys maintain water balance in the body?

A

A negative feed back system maintains water levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are nephrons

A

Filtration units in the kidneys which are under high pressure. Water, urea, ions and sugar are squeezed out of the blood into bowmans capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is a renal artery?

A

Carries blood w/waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a renal vein?

A

Carries clean blood in kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does a ureter carry?

A

Waste products (urine) to bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How do kidneys produce urine?

A

By filtering the blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances such as glucose, some ions and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is water level controlled by

A

ADH hormone, which is released by the pituitary gland when the blood is too concentrated, and causes more water to be reabsorbed back into the blood from kidney tubules. Controlled by neg. feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How do substances get reabsorbed?

A

Absorbed by active transport against a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What does a dialysis machine do?

A

Filter blood if a patients kidney does not work (blood flows along a selectively permeable barrier). This must be repeated three times a week at 4 hours per session until a donor is found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How does a dialysis work in the body?

A

The machine is connected to the patient which removes most of the urea and restores or maintains water and ion balance. ‘Dirty’ urea filled blood is mixed with blood thinners to prevent clotting and is pumped into the machine. Then it is separated by a partially permeable membrane and the blood flows in the opportune direction to the dialysis fluid, an allowing an exchange when there’s a concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Give advantages and disadvantages of a kidney dialysis and transplant

A

Dialysis advantages: useful if an immediate donor can’t be found and does job of kidneys for you
Disadvantages: need to plan life around it as it can take 4 hours, and diet and fluid intake has to be restricted

Donors advantages: patients can lead more of a normal life as they don’t have to worry about eat to eat and drink and it’s cheaper for NHS
Disadvantages: Must take immune-suppressants drugs which increase infection rush and kidneys last 8/9 years on avg. there’s a shortage of donors and all operations obv carry a risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How does a kidney transplant work?

A

When a kidney is taken from a matched donor to the patients body to replace the damaged kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is blood glucose monitored and controlled by?

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is glucagon

A

A hormone produced by the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce?

A

Adrenaline, which targets the liver, heart etc and prepares body for rapid activity by increasing heart rate and level of sugar in blood and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What do the ovaries produce

A

Oestrogen and progesterone, which target the ovaries, uterus and pituitary gland and cause puberty and menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What TWO hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and Glucagon, which target the liver and cause blood sugar and water level to be controlled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What does the pituitary gland produce?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (lutenising hormone) and ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone) target the ovaries and kidneys to cause egg maturation, egg release and water resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are hormone?

A

Chemical molecules releases directly into the blood to regulate bodily processes (carried in blood plasma) affecting particular target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What do hormones make up?

A

The endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone, which target the male reproductive organs and cause puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine, which targets cells and causes metabolic rate and protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are levels of thyroxine controlled by

A

negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Where are the hormones secreted for the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovaries and pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone that causes an egg to mature in the ovary and stimulates ovaries to release the hormone oestrogen. Secreted by pituitary gland and has affect between 6-13 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Stops FSH being produced so one egg matures in a cycle and stimulates the pituitary gland to release the LH hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is luteinising hormone? (LH)

A

Causes a mature egg to be released from the ovary around day 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is progesterone?

A

It’s secreted by ovaries and maintains the uterus lining so levels stay HIGH during pregnancy. If no egg is fertilised progesterone stops getting released and menstruation stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Name 5 ways to stop pregnancy

A 
'The pill'
Contraceptive patch 
Contraceptive injection 
Condom 
Abstaining
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Name the benefits and problems with the pill

A

Benefits: 99% effective and reduces some types of cancer risk

Problems: not 100% effective, can cause side effects like headaches, nausea, irregular menstrual bleeding and fluid retention and doesn’t protect against STDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Name a type of fertility treatment and what it does

A

IVF- when an egg is fertilised outside the body and the egg is out back into uterus (IVF- in vitro fertilisation)

72
Q 
What is the:
Cerebral cortex
Medulla 
Cerebellum
And what do they do?
A

Cerebral cortex- outer wrinkly layer of brain that’s responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

Medulla- base of brain (top of spinal cord) and controls unconscious activities like breathing and heartbeats

Cerebellum- found at the back of the brain and is responsible for muscle co-ordination

73
Q

What are scientists that study the brain called?

A

Neuro-scientists

74
Q

Give an example of a way to study the brain.

A

A Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan which shows what part of the brain is active when people are awake and doing something specific (I.e listening to music)
Electrically stimulating the brain using tiny electrodes and observing what stimulating the different parts of the brain does

75
Q

What is an anomaly?

A

A measurement that’s different than expected

76
Q

What is an: Independent, dependent and control variable?

A

I.V- thing you change
D.V- thing you measure
C.V- things you keep the same

77
Q

What is a range?

A

The biggest and smallest numbers Of independent or dependent variables

78
Q

What is a categoric variable?

A

Variable with category names as labels

79
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

Variables that can be any number called a quantity (I.e 1,2,3,4)

80
Q

What is a measurement error?

A

Difference between measured and true value

81
Q

What is a random error

A

Readings that vary from the expected result with unknown reason

82
Q

What is a systematic error?

A

Readings that differ from the true value by a consistent amount each time a measurement is made

83
Q

What does repeatable mean?

A

A measurement that means the original experimenter could do the investigation again with the same equipment and method and get the same results

84
Q

What does reproducible mean?

A

An experiment is taken place with a different person using the same method and the same results are obtained

85
Q

What do plants grow towards

A

Water light gravity

86
Q

What is growth in plants affected by

A

Their environmental conditions (stimulus)

87
Q

What is a growth in response to a stimulus in plants called

A

Tropism

88
Q

What is a pos and neg tropism

A

Pos- towards stimulus

Neg-away from stimulus

89
Q

What is photo/hydro/geo tropism?

A

Phototropism- towards light
Hydrotropism-towards water
Geotropism-towards gravity

90
Q

What are gibberellins important in?

A

Initiating seed germination

91
Q

What does Ethene control

A

Cell division and fruit ripening

92
Q

What are auxins used for

A

Weed killers, rooting powders and for promoting growth in tissue culture

93
Q

What can gibberellins be used for

A

Ending seed dormancy, promoting flowering and increasing fruit size

94
Q

Where are auxins made

A

In the tip of a growing shoot and move down the stem.

95
Q

What do auxins do in a growing shoot

A

Speeds up the growth

96
Q

What amount of auxins are there in a plant above light

A

An equal amount

97
Q

Where are the auxins in a plant not getting enough light

A

There are more auxins on the shaded part of the shoot so the shaded side grows faster making the bright side bens towards the light

98
Q

What do auxins do in roots

A

Slow growth

99
Q

What do auxins do to a plant on its side

A

Collect in lower side of the root and stem. The auxins slow down growth on the lower side of the root so it curves down. Auxins speed up growth on the lower side of the stem so it curves up

100
Q

Where will roots always grow towards

A

Water

101
Q

What can plant hormones be used synthetically for

A

Growing cuttings, ripening fruits and killing weeds

102
Q

How does Ethene ripen fruits

A

it’s sprayed on fruits to control growth through storage so it’s ripe in time for the shops

103
Q

What do selective weed killers contain

A

Hormones at concentrations that will only affect plants with broad leaves

104
Q

What’s Ethene

A

A gas

105
Q

What does the iris do

A

Contains muscles which allow it to control the diameter of pupil and how much light enters the eye

106
Q

What does the cornea do

A

Focused and controls the entrance of light into the eye and helps shield eye from dust and germs. Refracts light into the eye

107
Q

What does the pupil do

A

Controls amount of light that enters the eye

108
Q

What does the lens do

A

Focuses light into the retina

109
Q

What does the ciliary muscle do

A

Controls lens shape

110
Q

What is the sclera

A

The supporting tough wall of the eye

111
Q

What does the optic nerve do

A

Carries impulses from receptors on retina to brain

112
Q

What does the retina do

A

Contains receptor class that are sensitive to light intensity and colour

113
Q

What do the suspensory ligaments do

A

Controls lens shape

114
Q

What does the eye do to focus on a close object

A

The ciliary muscles contract, the suspensory ligaments loosen and the lens is thicker and refracts light rays strongly

115
Q

What does the eye do to focus on a distant object

A

The ciliary muscles relax, the suspensory ligaments are pulled tight and the lens is pulled thin and only slightly refracts light rays

116
Q

What is myopia and how can it be corrected

A

Short sightedness that occurs when lens is wrong shape and refracts light too much/eyeball is too long. Can be corrected with glasses or a concave lens that curves inwards (lets light rays focus on retina)

117
Q

What is hyperopia and how can it be corrected

A

Long sightedness where images are brought into focus behind retina. Happens when lens is the wrong shape or doesn’t refract (bend) the light enough/eyeball is too short. Can be corrected with a convex lens (curved outwards) which refracts light rays so they focus on retina

118
Q

What are pathogens

A

Micro organisms that enter the body and cause communicable (infectious) disease that can be spread

119
Q

What are the four pathogens

A

Bacteria fungi viruses and protests

120
Q

What happens when a virus enters the body

A

We are deemed infected

121
Q

What do bacteria and viruses have the ability to produce

A

Toxins

122
Q

What is the spread of disease known as

A

Transmission

123
Q

Give examples of how pathogens spread

A

Air, (breathed in) water (drinking or bathing in dirty water)and direct contact (touching contaminated surfaces)

124
Q

How is salmonella spread

A

By bacteria on ingested food or food prepared in unhygienic conditions

125
Q

What is gonorrhoea caused by and spread by

A

Caused by a bacterium and spread by sexual contact

126
Q

What type of disease is measles

A

A viral disease that shows symptoms of fever and a red skin

Rash

127
Q

What happens if HIV isn’t successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs

A

The virus attacks the body’s immune cells. AIDS (late HIV infection) is when the body’s immune system is so badly damaged it can’t deal with infections

128
Q

How is HIV spread

A

Sexual contact

129
Q

What is the Tobacco Mosaic Virus

A

A plant pathogen affecting many species of plants such as tomatoes which causes a mosaic pattern of discolouration and affects plant growth due to a lack of photosynthesis

130
Q

What is rose black spot

A

A fungal siestas that causes purple of black spots to develop on leaves that turn yellow and drop early . Treated by fungicides

131
Q

What are the pathogens that cause malaria

A

Protists

132
Q

What does malaria cause

A

Recurrent episodes of fever

133
Q

What do viruses contain

A

Genetic material insides a protective protein coat

134
Q

What do viruses do to cells

A

Get inside them and replicate themselves

135
Q

What are the stages of virus reproduction

A

Approach-> gets breathed into body/gets into by kissing etc
Attachment-> virus secures itself to host cell surface
Insertion-> virus injects its genetic material through injection tube and into host cell
Replication-> genetic material makes multiple copies of itself
Assembly->Viruses are assembled using chemicals from host cell (original virus dies and breaks down)
Cell lysis-> The host cell splits open and dies and viruses escapes and release toxins

Each virus starts a new round of replication

136
Q

What are protists

A

Eukaryotes and most are single celled. Some are parasites and are often transferred by organism to organism via vector which doesn’t get the disease (i.e. Malaria and mosquito)

137
Q

What are fungi

A

Either single celled or have bodies made up of hyphae (thread like structures). The hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants that causes disease. Hyphae can also produce spores which can spread to other plants and animals(i.e. Black spot fungus)

138
Q

Who was DR ignaz Semmelweis and what did he do?

A

In 1840s he was responsible for more hygiene in maternity wards and ordered doctors to wash hands with a chlorinated solution before examining women in labour. Mortality went from 12% to 1%

139
Q

What can plant diseases be detected by

A

Stunted growth, spots on leaves, areas of decay (rot) growths malformed stems or leaves discolouration and presence of pests

140
Q

What can identification be made by

A

A ref to a gardening manual or site

Taking infected plants to a lab to identify the pathogen or by using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies

141
Q

What can plants be infected by

A

Viral, bacterial fungal pathogens and insects

142
Q

What can ion deficiency do to planes

A

Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency and chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency

143
Q

What is knowledge of ions limited to

A

Nitrate ions needed for protein synthesis and growth and magnesium Ions needed to make chlorophyll

144
Q

Where do plants get mineral

Ions

A

From the soil

145
Q

What is crown gall

A

A bacterial disease that causes growths on plants

146
Q

Give some examples of plants physical defences against pests

A

Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
Cellulose cell walls
Layers of dead cells around stems (bark on trees i.e)

147
Q

Give some examples of chemical plant defence responses

A

Antibacterial chemicals and poisons to deter herbivores

148
Q

Give some examples of mechanical adaptions of plants

A

Thorns and hairs deter animals
Leaves which droop or curl when touched
Mimicry to trick animals

149
Q

Define biohazard

A

A biological substance which poses a threat to the health of living organisms primarily humans

150
Q

What is microbiology

A

The study of micro organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

151
Q

How is the inhibition zone calculated

A

Are=Pi r squared

152
Q

What is MRSA resistant to

A

Antibiotics

153
Q

How can doctors reduce the rate of development of antibiotic resistance strains

A

Shouldn’t prescribe antibiotics inappropriately
Patients should complete their antibiotic course
The agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted

154
Q

What is the steps of a bacteria and virii resistance

A
  1. ) variation- some strains are resistant
  2. )Competition- the non resistant bacteria are killed by penicillin
  3. )survival of the fittest-the resistant bacteria survive
  4. )reproduction- the resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on their adaptions to their offspring
155
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced

A

From a single clone of cells. They are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen and are able to target a specific chemical or specific cells in the body

156
Q

How do mouse lymphocytes help to produce monoclonal antibodies

A

They are stimulated to make a particular antibody. The lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell

157
Q

What can hybridoma cells do

A

Divide and make the antibody. Single cells are cloned to produce many identical cells.

158
Q

What can a large amount of the antibodies made by the hybridoma cell do

A

Be collected and purified

159
Q

Give some examples of how monoclonal antibodies can be used

A

For diagnosis in pregnancy tests
To measure hormone levels and other chemicals in the blood
To locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding them with fluorescent dye
To treat some disease i.e. For cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance

160
Q

Give some side effects of monoclonal antibodies

A

Fever
Vomiting
Low blood pressure

161
Q

Define natural immunity

A

Antibodies are produced by a person when needed or they are passed on by the mother during pregnancy

162
Q

Define artificial immunity

A

A vaccine with dead microbes is injected tricking the body into producing antibodies ready for the real thing

163
Q

Define vaccination

A

Taking a vaccine as a precaution against disease

164
Q

Define immunisation

A

Making an animal resistant (immune) to a disease by taking a vaccine

165
Q

Give the pros and cons of vaccines

A 
Pros:protects against disease 
Protects against more serious damage 
Reduced epidemic chances 
Cons:discomfort for young children 
Side effects like bruising 
Health concerns (MMR and autism link although this was disproven)
166
Q

What are painkillers used for

A

To treat disease symptoms BUT they don’t kill pathogens

167
Q

Give examples of drugs extracted from plants

A

Digitalis from foxgloves
Aspirin originates from willow
Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from penicillium mound

168
Q

What are new drugs tested for

A

Toxicity, efficacy and dose

169
Q

Give examples of legal and illegal recreational drugs

A

Legal: alcohol and tobacco
Illegal: heroin and cocaine

170
Q

What are the steps in drug synthesis

A
  1. ) researchers target a disease to develop treatment
  2. )pc models and chemicals are screened for use as drugs
  3. )possible drugs made in lab
  4. )drugs are tested on cell cultures to make sure they’re non toxic
  5. )animal testing takes place
  6. )human trials begin
  7. )a licence is given for a drug so doctors can prescribe them
  8. )drugs are monitored
171
Q

Define placebo

A

When a drug is given like the one being tested but doesn’t acc do anything

172
Q

Define placebo effect

A

When a patient expects the treatment to work so feels better even though the treatment didn’t do anything

173
Q

What is a blind trial

A

When the patient doesn’t know if they’re getting a drug or placebo

174
Q

What’s a double blind trial

A

When the patient and the doctor don’t know who was the actual drug and who has the placebo until the results have been gathered

175
Q

What happens to drug tested before they’re published

A

They’re peer reviewed

Science (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions