Biology Unit 1.1 Pathogens and disease

Question 2

What can a disease be defined as?

Answer 2

A condition that adversely affects and organisms physical or mental health. and shows recognizable symptoms. the term disease suggests a malfunction of the body.

Question 3

What factors work in conjunction to cause a multifactorial disease?

Answer 3

• Poor diet- Unhealthy lifestyle- Being over weight- Being underweight- Smoking- drinking excessive amounts of alcohol

Question 4

What are the nine categories of disease?

Answer 4

• Physical- Infectious- Non Infectious- Deficiency- Inherited- degenerative- Mental- Social- Self Inflicted

Question 5

Physical Disease

Answer 5

Can cause temporary or permanent harm to the body. (Influenza)

Question 6

Infectious Disease

Answer 6

Caused by specific pathogens and are infectious. (AIDS)

Question 7

Non Infectious Disease

Answer 7

These are not spread by pathogens. (Cancer)

Question 8

Deficiency Disease

Answer 8

These are caused by a lack of minerals and vitamins. (Jaundice)

Question 9

Inherited Disease

Answer 9

These are inherited from one or both parents, often called genetic disorders. (Cystic fibrosis)

Question 10

Degenerative Disease

Answer 10

Gradually causes damage to tissue and organs. (Arthritis)

Question 11

Mental Disease

Answer 11

Surprisingly common and affect mental health. (Alzheimer’s)

Question 12

Social Disease

Answer 12

Caused by our life style choices. Too many calories and little exercise. (Heart Disease, Diabetes)

Question 13

What is a Pathogen?

Answer 13

• a pathogen is any organism that causes disease, they include fungi. virus and bacteria.
• Pathogens are usually microorganisms, Many permanently live in the body but cause us no harm. the ones that cause disease are pathogens

Question 14

BacteriaDraw Diagran

Answer 14

• Bacteria are small single celled organisms- Bacteria cells are called prokaryotic cells and are much smaller than animal and plant cells
• Bacteria affect there host in many different ways but like viruses can kill cells.
• They compete for vital nutrients. Bacteria invade host cells but do not require a host cell In order to reproduce.
• There are vast amounts of bacteria in our body, most are either beneficial or not harmful to us

Question 15

Transmission Social Interaction?

Answer 15

• Caused by shaking hands, coughing, sneezing, and kissing.

- (Influenza, tuberculosis and the common cold are spread this way)

Question 16

Transmission Food and Water?

Answer 16

• Drinking or eating things which are contaminated with pathogens

.- Food poisoning (E.coli, salmonella and botulism)- Water borne (Cryptosporidium and Cholera)

Question 17

Transmission Self inflicted disease

Answer 17

Caused by smoking and drinking excessively. (Lung cancer, Liver disease)

Question 18

Transmission Sexual Contact?

Answer 18

• STI’s (HIV, syphilis, Chlamydia)

Question 19

Transmission Cross Species infection?

Answer 19

• Animal bites or handling faeces (Rabies and Toxoplasmosis from animals)

Question 20

Transmission Vector Born Infections?

Answer 20

• Insects (Mosquitoes) carrying pathogens without infection pass the disease on to humans in their bite. (Malaria)

Question 21

Transmission Contact with surfaces?

Answer 21

• Fungal skin infections can be transmitted from person to person via floors, footwear and shower stalls. (Athletes foot)

Question 22

Fungi Draw Diagram

Answer 22

• fungi originate from the same famil as mushrooms and toadstools.
• Pathogenic And parasitic fungi are unicellular, their cells are eukaryotic like plant and animal cells but there cellular make up is different

.- fungal I reactions usually affect the skin however they can affect us internally if I inhaled or ingested.

Question 23

Micro organisms as pathogens

Answer 23

For a micro organism to be considered as a pathogen it must

• Gain entry to the host
• Colonizes the tissue of the host- Resist the defenses of the hose- Cause damage to the hosts tissues

Question 24

Biology and Disease unit info

Answer 24

Looks at how some diseases are caused by micro organisms and some are caused by our lifestyle. It explains how to interpret data about disease and shows why this is essential in determining the risk posed by certain aspects of our behavior

Question 25

Infection

Answer 25

An infection occurs when a pathogen colonises a hosts tissue.

Question 26

Transmission

Answer 26

When a pathogen is transferred from one host to another.

Question 27

Interface

Answer 27

Surface or boundary linking two systems.

Question 28

What are the three main interfaces pathogens enter out body

Answer 28

The gas exchange system including tuberculosis and bronchitisThe digestive system, food and water carry pathogens, cholera, typhoid and dysentery enter the body this way.The skin can be penetrated through cuts and abrasion

Question 29

What defences has the body got against invasion from pathogens

Answer 29

A mucous layer that covers exchange surface and forms a thick sticky barrier that is difficult to penetrateThe production of enzymes that break down pathogensThe production of stomach acid that kill microorganisms.

Question 30

Why are the digestive respiratory systems usually the site of entry of pathogens?

Answer 30

These systems have evolved to allow the exchange of materials from the internal and external environments, The Body linings at these points are thin, have mucus, are sticky, have large surface areas and lots of blood vessels allowing for entry of molecules but also making them vulnerable to pathogen invasion.

Question 31

Patho Pathology Pathogenesis Pathophysiology

Answer 31

Patho - DiseasePathology - The study of disease

Pathogenesis - the pattern or development of the disease

Pathophysiology - the study of the mechanism, how it works when it infects.

Question 32

How to pathogens cause disease?

Producing toxins

Damaging host tissue

Answer 32

Most bacterial pathogens produce toxins that destroy the cell. The Cholera bacterium produces a toxin that results in water loss from the lining of the intestines.

The sheer number of pathogens prevent tissues functioning properly. Viruses inhibit the synthesis of DNA and RNA and proteins by the host cells.
Many pathogens break down the membranes.

Question 33

How to pathogens cause disease?Damaging host tissues

Answer 33

sheer numbers of pathogens Prevent tissue from functioning properly, viruses inhibit they synthesis of DNA and RNA and proteins by the host cells. Many pathogens break down the host cells

Question 34

What is a micro organisms

Answer 34

• General term is single celled organism to small to be seen without a microscope usually bacteria. Most are benign or beneficial/

Question 35

What is a virus? diagram

Answer 35

A virus is an acellular organism or living organism with no cell.

• 1 % the size of a bacterium cell
• Contain DNA and RNA
• Proflific on our planet
• needs a host in order to grow, once inside a cell they reproduce excreting cytopathic chemicals that harm cellular tissue and eventually destroy the cell

Question 36

Signs

Answer 36

Objective abnormality in the body

Question 37

Symptoms

Answer 37

subjective abnormality in the body

Question 38

syndrome

Answer 38

Downsyndrome - the collection of signs and symptoms

Question 39

Ethology

Answer 39

Study of all factors that cause a disease

Question 40

idiopathic

Answer 40

Diseases with unknown causes - cancer

Question 41

Acute

Answer 41

Signs and symptoms occur suddenly and disappear in time - common cold

Question 42

Chronic

Answer 42

Disease develops gradually and lasts or a long time - chronic back pain

Question 43

Aids

HIV

Answer 43

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Human Immune deficiency virus

Question 44

Endemic

Answer 44

Disease quietly maintained in a country

Question 45

Epedemic

Answer 45

A disease that rapidly spreads to many people in the same area

Question 46

Pandemic

Answer 46

Worldwide spread of disease

Question 47

Diffusion

Answer 47

The exchange of substances between cells and environment