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Biology > Biology Unit 1.1 Pathogens and disease > Flashcards

Biology Unit 1.1 Pathogens and disease Flashcards

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2
Q

What can a disease be defined as?

A

A condition that adversely affects and organisms physical or mental health. and shows recognizable symptoms. the term disease suggests a malfunction of the body.

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3
Q

What factors work in conjunction to cause a multifactorial disease?

A
  • Poor diet- Unhealthy lifestyle- Being over weight- Being underweight- Smoking- drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
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4
Q

What are the nine categories of disease?

A
  • Physical- Infectious- Non Infectious- Deficiency- Inherited- degenerative- Mental- Social- Self Inflicted
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5
Q

Physical Disease

A

Can cause temporary or permanent harm to the body. (Influenza)

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6
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Caused by specific pathogens and are infectious. (AIDS)

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7
Q

Non Infectious Disease

A

These are not spread by pathogens. (Cancer)

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8
Q

Deficiency Disease

A

These are caused by a lack of minerals and vitamins. (Jaundice)

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9
Q

Inherited Disease

A

These are inherited from one or both parents, often called genetic disorders. (Cystic fibrosis)

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10
Q

Degenerative Disease

A

Gradually causes damage to tissue and organs. (Arthritis)

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11
Q

Mental Disease

A

Surprisingly common and affect mental health. (Alzheimer’s)

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12
Q

Social Disease

A

Caused by our life style choices. Too many calories and little exercise. (Heart Disease, Diabetes)

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13
Q

What is a Pathogen?

A
  • a pathogen is any organism that causes disease, they include fungi. virus and bacteria.
  • Pathogens are usually microorganisms, Many permanently live in the body but cause us no harm. the ones that cause disease are pathogens
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14
Q

BacteriaDraw Diagran

A
  • Bacteria are small single celled organisms- Bacteria cells are called prokaryotic cells and are much smaller than animal and plant cells
  • Bacteria affect there host in many different ways but like viruses can kill cells.
  • They compete for vital nutrients. Bacteria invade host cells but do not require a host cell In order to reproduce.
  • There are vast amounts of bacteria in our body, most are either beneficial or not harmful to us
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15
Q

Transmission Social Interaction?

A
  • Caused by shaking hands, coughing, sneezing, and kissing.

- (Influenza, tuberculosis and the common cold are spread this way)

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16
Q

Transmission Food and Water?

A
  • Drinking or eating things which are contaminated with pathogens

.- Food poisoning (E.coli, salmonella and botulism)- Water borne (Cryptosporidium and Cholera)

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17
Q

Transmission Self inflicted disease

A

Caused by smoking and drinking excessively. (Lung cancer, Liver disease)

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18
Q

Transmission Sexual Contact?

A
  • STI’s (HIV, syphilis, Chlamydia)
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19
Q

Transmission Cross Species infection?

A
  • Animal bites or handling faeces (Rabies and Toxoplasmosis from animals)
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20
Q

Transmission Vector Born Infections?

A
  • Insects (Mosquitoes) carrying pathogens without infection pass the disease on to humans in their bite. (Malaria)
21
Q

Transmission Contact with surfaces?

A
  • Fungal skin infections can be transmitted from person to person via floors, footwear and shower stalls. (Athletes foot)
22
Q

Fungi Draw Diagram

A
  • fungi originate from the same famil as mushrooms and toadstools.
  • Pathogenic And parasitic fungi are unicellular, their cells are eukaryotic like plant and animal cells but there cellular make up is different

.- fungal I reactions usually affect the skin however they can affect us internally if I inhaled or ingested.

23
Q

Micro organisms as pathogens

A

For a micro organism to be considered as a pathogen it must

  • Gain entry to the host
  • Colonizes the tissue of the host- Resist the defenses of the hose- Cause damage to the hosts tissues
24
Q

Biology and Disease unit info

A

Looks at how some diseases are caused by micro organisms and some are caused by our lifestyle. It explains how to interpret data about disease and shows why this is essential in determining the risk posed by certain aspects of our behavior

25
Q

Infection

A

An infection occurs when a pathogen colonises a hosts tissue.

26
Q

Transmission

A

When a pathogen is transferred from one host to another.

27
Q

Interface

A

Surface or boundary linking two systems.

28
Q

What are the three main interfaces pathogens enter out body

A

The gas exchange system including tuberculosis and bronchitisThe digestive system, food and water carry pathogens, cholera, typhoid and dysentery enter the body this way.The skin can be penetrated through cuts and abrasion

29
Q

What defences has the body got against invasion from pathogens

A

A mucous layer that covers exchange surface and forms a thick sticky barrier that is difficult to penetrateThe production of enzymes that break down pathogensThe production of stomach acid that kill microorganisms.

30
Q

Why are the digestive respiratory systems usually the site of entry of pathogens?

A

These systems have evolved to allow the exchange of materials from the internal and external environments, The Body linings at these points are thin, have mucus, are sticky, have large surface areas and lots of blood vessels allowing for entry of molecules but also making them vulnerable to pathogen invasion.

31
Q

Patho Pathology Pathogenesis Pathophysiology

A

Patho - DiseasePathology - The study of disease

Pathogenesis - the pattern or development of the disease

Pathophysiology - the study of the mechanism, how it works when it infects.

32
Q

How to pathogens cause disease?

Producing toxins

Damaging host tissue

A

Most bacterial pathogens produce toxins that destroy the cell. The Cholera bacterium produces a toxin that results in water loss from the lining of the intestines.

The sheer number of pathogens prevent tissues functioning properly. Viruses inhibit the synthesis of DNA and RNA and proteins by the host cells.
Many pathogens break down the membranes.

33
Q

How to pathogens cause disease?Damaging host tissues

A

sheer numbers of pathogens Prevent tissue from functioning properly, viruses inhibit they synthesis of DNA and RNA and proteins by the host cells. Many pathogens break down the host cells

34
Q

What is a micro organisms

A
  • General term is single celled organism to small to be seen without a microscope usually bacteria. Most are benign or beneficial/
35
Q

What is a virus? diagram

A

A virus is an acellular organism or living organism with no cell.

  • 1 % the size of a bacterium cell
  • Contain DNA and RNA
  • Proflific on our planet
  • needs a host in order to grow, once inside a cell they reproduce excreting cytopathic chemicals that harm cellular tissue and eventually destroy the cell
36
Q

Signs

A

Objective abnormality in the body

37
Q

Symptoms

A

subjective abnormality in the body

38
Q

syndrome

A

Downsyndrome - the collection of signs and symptoms

39
Q

Ethology

A

Study of all factors that cause a disease

40
Q

idiopathic

A

Diseases with unknown causes - cancer

41
Q

Acute

A

Signs and symptoms occur suddenly and disappear in time - common cold

42
Q

Chronic

A

Disease develops gradually and lasts or a long time - chronic back pain

43
Q

Aids

HIV

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Human Immune deficiency virus

44
Q

Endemic

A

Disease quietly maintained in a country

45
Q

Epedemic

A

A disease that rapidly spreads to many people in the same area

46
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide spread of disease

47
Q

Diffusion

A

The exchange of substances between cells and environment

Biology (4 decks)

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