Biology Unit 1: Classification of Life Flashcards
Biosphere
largest in the hierachy, all ecosystems
ecosystem
smaller than a biosphere, larger than a community, has biotic and abiotic factore
community
smaller than an ecosystem, larger than a population, group of organisms living together
population
smaller than a community, larger than an organism, organisms of a particular species
organism
smaller than a population, larger than an organ system, organs that work together
organ
smaller than an organ system, larger than tissue, made of tisssue
tissue
smaller than an organ, larger than a cell, made up of cells
cell
smaller than a tissue, larger than an organelle, structural unit
organelle
smaller than a cell, larger than a macromolecule, specialized subunit within a cell
macromolecule
smaller than an organelle, larger than a molecule
molecule
smalelr than a macromolecule, larger than an atom, made up of at least two atoms
atom
smaller than a molecule, larger than an electron, central nucleus surrounded by electrons
hierarchical organization of living things (largest to smallest_
biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, macromolecule, molecule, atom, electron
7 characteristics of life
made of cells, reproduce, displa heredity, require energy, respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, evolve and adapt
are composed of cells
cells are the basic components of all living things, some living things are uni-cellular (bacteria), others are multicellular like humans
reproduce
all living things reproduce by either asexual or sexual means
display heredity
living organisms inherit traits from the parent organissms that created them
require energy
living things require energy usually in the form of ATP they use this energyy to carry out energy-requiring activities such as meatbolism and locomotion
respond to stimuli
all living things respond to stimuli in their environment
maintain homeostasis
all living things maintain a state of internal balance
evolve and adapt
living things adapt to their environment and evolve
Species
all organisms capable of breeding freely with each other under natural conditions
Naming organisms
binomial nomenclature aka linnean system of classification
1st name: genus, capitalize in italics, underline
2nd name: species, not capitalize, italics or underline
taxonomy
the science classifying all organisms living and fossil species
phylogeny
the study of the evolutionary relatedness between and among species, shown using a phylogenetic tree
dichotomous key
is a series of branchi9ing two part staements used to identify organisms (or objects)
Levels of organization
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Prokayotes
no nuclei or organelles, very simple,
Kingdoms: archea, eubacteria
eukaryotes
contain nuclei and organelles, increased complexity
Kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Archaebacteria
unicellular, autotroph, non-cellulose cell wall, asexual, mobile, ancient bacteria,
eubacteria
unicellular, heterotrophic, non cellulose cell wall, asexual, mobile, probiotics, food poisoning, ecoli, everywhere, true bacteria
protista
mostly unicellular, auto and heterotrophic, some have cell-walls (non-cellulose), mostly asexual some are asexual, mobile, amoeba
fungi
multicellular, heterotroph, non-cellulose cell wall, both methods of sexual reproduction, non-moblie, mushroom, mold, mildew
Plantae
multicellular, autotroph, cellulose cell wall, both sexual and asexual reproduction, non-mobile, rice, grapes
animalia
multicellular, heterotroph, no cell wall, sexual reproduction, mobile, dog
Phylogeny
evolutionary history of a species or group
phylogenic tree (cladogram)
diagram showing the evolutionary relationships or common ancestry of groups of species or populations
For cladograms: all living species
end up at the same point on the page
for cladograms: the legnth of the line
indicates how long it has been since the species branched off
when the environment changes
species that do not evolve to match these changes go extinct
two animals that have remained fairly unchanged for a long period of time
Horshoe crabs-have changed little over the past 450 million years
Coelacanths-evolved about 400 milion years ago
Clade
a taxonomic group that includes a single ancestor species and all of its descendants. Species may be in samll clades that can be included in largger clades. These larger clades are called super-clades
Biodiversity
varitey of all living things and their interactions
Genectic diversity
differences in genetic make up in organisms, usually in the same species
Species diversity
a measure of diversity that takes in account the quanitity of each species present, as well as the variety of different species present
Structural diversity
the range of physical shpaes and sizes within a habitat or ecosystem
Three types of positive species interaction
protection, transpotation, reproduction
protection
many species depend on others for shelter and protection.
Hermit crabs use shells of dead snails for a protective home
Certain ants live in trunks of cercriopia trees, trees give shelter, ants protect the trees
transportation
many species move from place to place with the help of other species
some flower mites climb onto bills of hummingbirds moving from flower to flower feeding on nectar
reproduction
many species depend on other species for their own successful reproduction
Many bird species build the abandoned tree cavities made by woodpeckers for their own nests
Porifera
sponges, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall, sexual or asexual, cylindrical, loosley organized cells
Cnidaria
jellie and coral, cnidocytes (stingers), symetrical, body forms: polyp or medusa
Platyhelminthes
flatworms, invertebrates, flat soft body, symmetrical, no body cavitiies, hermaphordites, tripoblastic (3 germ layers)
Nematoda
roundworms, parasitic, no vertebrae, nutrients via diffusion, whip-like motion, round
annelida
segmented or ringworms, long and segmented bodies, haemoglobin gives red colour, moist environments
Echinodermata
echinoderm, marine, spiny skin, 5 skin sided radial symmetry, skeletal made of calcium carbonate, can eject organs
Mollusca
molluscs, invertabrates, soft flesh around internal organs, some have hard shells, radula-teeth for scraping food, organ called foot for digging
Arthropoda (arachnida)
arachnids, spiders, two body segments, 8 joined legs, 4 pairs walking appendages, no wings or antennae
Arthropoda (crustacea)
invertebrates, jointed and paired appendages, 2 pairs of attena, exoskeleton, 3 body segments, marine, typically 6 legs
Arthropoda (Insecta)
insects, 3 body segments: head, thorax, abdomen, exoskeleton, metamorphasis, joined appendages
Chordata (chondrichtyes)
cartilage fish, cartilage skeleton, 5-7 pairs of gills, placoid scales, tine covered skin, teeth
Chordata (osteichtyes)
bony fish, calcium bone skeleton, swim bladder, lungs or modified gills, paired fins
Chordata (amphibia)
amphibians, eggs, cold-blooded, wet skin, 3 chambered heart, start off life in water
Chordata (reptilia)
reptiles, cold-blooded, scales, most lay eggs, vertebrates, dry leathery scaly skin
Chordata (mammalia)
mammals, hair or fur, warm-blooded, 4 chambered heart, fed milk as young, live birth
What steps would you take to transform the dairy farm to an ecologically sustainable industry?
Promote biodiversity with different types of cows, and apples. Minimize or stop deforestation, because the carbon capture of trees it important to offset the carbon impact of the cows manure, farts and their needs for food. Feed the cows the scraps of nearby villages instead of growing food just for the cows. Keep the soil healthy to help mitigate the effects of potential flood. This would mean stopping tilling (mixing soils), and instead promote soil health through adding the cows manure back in. Reuse water (from milk cooling, to feeding and then to watering the apples).
What impact does being endangered have on the future of that species? What impact does this have on other components of the ecosystem?
the Quetzal going endangered means that a species it at a relatively high risk for going extinct. SO endareged means that the numbers of the species are decreasing (decrease in gene pool) making breeding more difficult, in turn leading to inbreeding which can cause some genetic issue. This impacts other components of the ecosystem that could depend on the organism for all sorts of things; food chains, nutrient cycles predator, transportation or any other kind of relationship.
Between commercial logging and land cleared for the dairy and orchards what parts of the ecosystem may have been affected?
Many different parts of the ecosystem could have been affected. Mainly animals such as birds, squirrels, monkeys or some bugs who live in trees, as well as any other animals that receive their nutrients from eating these tree dwelling animals. This would throw off food chains, nutrient cycles, and would lead to an increase in any animals that were typically food of the tree dwellers, and a decrease of any animals that were eating the tree dwellers.
How do you think deforestation affected the water cycle?
When it rained there would’ve been a lot more run off and in turn more flooding. As the soil can only absorb so much water, and the trees usually take the excess. Without the trees there would be too much water in the soil so the rest would just run off creating erosion. The evaporation would decrease creating a dryer area. The trees would no longer be there to emit water vapor up into the clouds instead it would just be absorbed by the soil or run off into a local body of water.
In the 1950s costa rica was both geologically and culturally young, with much of the area untouched by humans. What is the ecological significance of Efrain Chacons journey into the valley of San Gerardo de Dota?
In the 1950s when Chacons went into the forest he started out by living in a cave
, and only owning a few cows. The area was untouched and had been uninhabited for basically forever. Then he expanded to over 80 acres, the family then started logging and clearing out areas. When the family started to realize the protect the Quetzal and other species in the ecosystem. After causing damage to the biodiversity the family decided to start with conservation efforts.
How is the Savegre resort an example of ecoutourism?
The Savegre resort is an example of ecotourism because people come to the resort to see the biodiversity of the area. See the beautiful sites of Costa Rica and the ecosystem and the Quetzal. It is also an ecoutourism because the money invested in the resort goes back into the family’s own conservation efforts in the hotel.
How might the story have been different if Efrain had owned a chain saw?
If he had owned a chainsaw it would have taken much less time to cut down trees so the family would have been able to clear out much more of the land before the professor arrived and told them to stop. If he had owned a chainsaw they may have succeeded with their plans to triple the dairy industry and destroyed the entire cloud forest.
What factors do you think influenced the decisision of the Chacon family to stop clearing their land for more cattle?
I think that the relationship they built with Leo and their love for their land lead them to stop clearing their land. Before Leo arrived they hadn’t really been realizing the affect of their desire to clear more land. BUt when he started to tell them more about their ecosystem they understood that they were hurting the very biodiversity they loved about Costa Rica and their cloud forest.
How was the descision of the Chacon family and their influence in the area an example of sustainability? How did it embody environmental suitability, social acceptability and economic viability? Be specific
They stopped dairy farming which is incredibly bad for the environment from the amount of methane that it produces. They stopped deforesting and cutting down trees. And they decided to start growing apple trees in the areas that had been deforested, this helps to strengthen soil, regulate water cycles and bring back natural habitats for the endangered animals. They embody all kinds of sustainability because while they had to change their practices they are not losing money, they are helping out build their community.
