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Biology Units 1-4 > Biology Unit 1 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between unsaturated/saturated compounds?

A

unsaturated: compound w/multiple carbon-carbon bonds
saturated: compound w/one carbon-carbon bond. Can’t combine with other atoms

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2
Q

What is the difference between competitive/non-competitive inhibition?

A

Competitive: poison that competes with substrate molecule for active site
non-competitive: poison blocks active site permanently

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3
Q

What is the active site?

A

Portion of enzyme in contact with substrate

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4
Q

What is abiogenesis?

A

Formation of living organisms from non-living matter

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5
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryote: no nucleus or membrane bound organelles, unicellular, circular DNA

Eukaryote: nucleus, membrane bound organelles, multicellular, linear DNA

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6
Q

What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

A

Small groups of prokaryotic cells become permanently integrated. Small cells live inside large cells, which forms eukaryotes

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7
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus

A 
controls cell division 
surrounded by double membrane (nuclear envelope, selectively permeable)
contains nucleolus (proteins, DNA, RNA) which makes ribosomes
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8
Q

What is the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of flattened sacs (cisternae)
Smooth: synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids
Rough: ribosomes synthesis proteins, cisternae transport proteins

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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the Mitochondria

A

double membrane, inner membrane folded into cristae
site of chemical reactions
Has independent DNA and ribosomes to make enzymes, self-replicate

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of the Golgi Body

A

Made of Cisternae sacks

receive enzymes, proteins, made in ER and encloses them in membranes before releasing in cytoplasm or outside cells

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the Vesicle

A

Sac, transports molecules around cell

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12
Q

What is the structure and function of the Lysosome

A

has digestive enzymes
cellular products and wastes broken down by lysosomes (autophagy)
can break down cell completely (autolysis)

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of the Centrioles

A

2 cylindrical bodies next to nucleus

organise DNA during mitosis, move cells by flagella or cilia

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cell Wall

A

Cellulose Wall encloses cell membrane, thickened with lignin
Mechanical support and protection
Cell Wall has gaps with plasmodesmata

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15
Q

Plastids (chloroplasts, chromoplasts)

A

Double Membraned
Chromoplasts: provide colour to leaves (non-photosynthetic)
Chloroplasts: has stroma and stacks of discs (grana). Each disk a thylakoid. Can self-replicate

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16
Q

Vacuole

A

contains cell sap, storage, controls water levels

17
Q

Describe the Cell Membrane

A

Selectively-permeable barrier, provides mechanical support and is a receptor for chemical materials

18
Q

Describe the structure of the Cell Membrane

A 
Phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail)
Polarity restricts movement to only horizontal movement
protein channels allow passage of large/water soluble molecules
19
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Molecules in cell membrane move freely, whilst some are fixed in position

20
Q

What is diffusion

A

molecules spread from higher concentration to lower concentration

21
Q

What are the 3 types of passive transport

A
  1. Simple Diffusion
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
  3. Osmosis
22
Q

What is Simple Diffusion

A

unaided movement of molecules or ions through cell membrane

23
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion

A

aided movement through molecules

24
Q

What is osmosis

A

movement of water molecules across cell membrane

25
Q

What is osmotic potential

A

capacity of solution to lose water molecules

26
Q

Describe a hypertonic surrounding

A

solute concentration in extracellular fluid is higher than in cytoplasm (low osmotic potential). Fluid moves out of cytoplasm

27
Q

Describe a hypotonic surrounding

A

solute concentration in extracellular fluid is lower than in cytoplasm (high osmotic potential). Fluid moves in the cytoplasm

28
Q

Describe an isotonic surrounding

A

Solute concentration is equal

29
Q

Describe the relationship between plasmolysis and turgor pressure

A

Plasmolysis is the shrinkage of the cytoplasm of a plant cell due to water loss by osmosis. To prevent this, turgor pressure (inward pressure by cell wall) is exerted.

30
Q

Define Active Transport

A

Transport of molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient (needs ATP)

31
Q

Define Exocytosis

A

Active transport out of cells

32
Q

Define Endocytosis

A

Active transport into the cell

Biology Units 1-4 (1 decks)

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