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Biology > Biology Unit 1&2 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 1&2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What elements are the most common in living matter?

A

CHONPS

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2
Q

Proton Charge

A

Positive

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3
Q

Neutron Charge

A

Neutral

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4
Q

Electron Charge

A

Negative

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5
Q

What is the most stable electron configuration

A

Full Valence shell

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6
Q

What is the medium stable electron configuration

A

half full

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7
Q

What is the least stable electron configuration

A

other combinations

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8
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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9
Q

what is potential energy

A

energy at rest

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10
Q

where is molar mass found on the periodic table

A

atomic mass

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11
Q

What are covalent bonds

A

bonds where electrons are shared

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12
Q

what is a single covalent bond

A

the sharing of a single electron

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13
Q

what is a double covalent bond

A

sharing of 2 electrons

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14
Q

what is a nonpolar covalent bond

A

bond between two atoms of the same element

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15
Q

what is a polar covalent bond

A

bond between two atoms with a different electronegativity

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16
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

bonds that give/take electrongs

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17
Q

what do ionic bonds result in

A

ions

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18
Q

what is a positive ion called

A

cation

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19
Q

what is a negative ion called

A

anion

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20
Q

what are the properties of water

A

polar, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization/fusion, less dense as a solid, universal solvent, expansion at freezing, capillary action

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21
Q

why is water polar

A

V-shape, unequal sharing of electrons

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22
Q

why is water cohesive

A

hydrogen bonding

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23
Q

why is water adhesive

A

hydrogen bonding

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24
Q

why does water do capillary action

A

cohesion and adhesion

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25
Q

why does water have a high specific heat

A

absorbs/releases large amounts of heat

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26
Q

why does water have a high heat of vaporization/fusion

A

absorbs/releases large amounts of heat

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27
Q

why is water less dense as a solid

A

hydrogen bonds

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28
Q

why is water a universal solvent

A

polar

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29
Q

why does water expand at freezing

A

molecules expand as they move faster

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30
Q

what does hydrophilic mean

A

water-loving

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31
Q

what does hydrophobic mean

A

water-hating

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32
Q

what type of function is pH

A

logarithmic

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33
Q

[H+] [OH-] = 10-14
[H+] = 107 [OH-] = 10-7

A

behavior of acids and bases

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34
Q

why does acid have a low pH

A

adds hydrogen, reduces hydroxide

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35
Q

why do bases have a high pH

A

adds hydroxide, decreases hydrogen

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36
Q

why is pH a log function

A

pH uses a factor of 100 trillion so it is more convenient to use moles/L

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37
Q

pH = -log[H+]

A

how pH is calculated

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38
Q

what is the formula for a neutral pH

A

-log10-7 = -(-7) = 7

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39
Q

what are pH buffers

A

they allow biological fluid to maintain constant pH (minimize hydrogen and hydroxide changes)

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40
Q

what are macromolecules

A

large carbon containing molecules made of smaller subunits

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41
Q

what is 1 small part of a macromolecule called

A

monomer

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42
Q

what is a chain of monomers called

A

polymer

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43
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

reaction to combine two monomers

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44
Q

what happens in dehydration synthesis

A

connects monomer to another monomer, condensation reactions, produces H2O, forms a covalent bond, happens in carbs and proteins, OH and H provided by each part

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45
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

reaction to split a polymer

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46
Q

what happens in hydrolysis

A

H2O is used to split a polymer, OH is attached to one, H is attached to other, example is digestion

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47
Q

what are proteins made of

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

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48
Q

what are the monomers of proteins

A

amino acids

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49
Q

what are amino acids made of

A

amine group and carboxyl

50
Q

how many types of amino acids are there

A

20 types

51
Q

what is a protein with two types of amino acids called

A

dipeptide

52
Q

what is a protein with three types of amino acids called

A

polypeptide

53
Q

what is a proteins function based on

A

structure

54
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein

A

sequence of amino acids
Exp/ gly-pro-thr-gly-thr

55
Q

how is the primary structure made

A

determined by genetic info

56
Q

what does the primary structure do

A

dictates other structures

57
Q

what is the secondary structure

A

the regions are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide chains, can form alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet

58
Q

how is the secondary structure formed

A

bonds between oxygen and hydrogen form structure, for a B-sheet they form side by side, for an A-helix, they form every 4th and form a coil

59
Q

what is the tertiary structure

A

structure stabilized by side chain interactions

60
Q

how does the tertiary structure form

A

covalent bonds form a disulfide bridge, bonds form between r-groups, these are often hydrophobic, can der waals interactions

61
Q

what is the Quaternary structure

A

multiple polypeptides

62
Q

how is the Quaternary structure formed

A

the chains are aggregated into one molecule
Exp collagen

63
Q

what is an example of a protein

A

hemoglobin (oxygen binding, in blood) - made of 4 subunits

64
Q

what happens when a protein changes shape

A

function is changed
exp hemoglobin - sickle cell disease, changes cell shape, can’t carry as much O2 and shape can impede blood flow

65
Q

what is denaturation

A

protein unraveling and changing shape
exp A-keratin (hair) straightening

66
Q

What is cell theory

A

cells are the fundamental units to life

67
Q

how big are cells

A

between 1-100 um

68
Q

when do cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio

A

in cells that exchange lots of materials

69
Q

what are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A

DNA in nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, larger

70
Q

what are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

nucleiod, cytoplasm, regions w/ proteins, smaller

71
Q

what is endosymbiotic theory

A

eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic cells

72
Q

what are organelles

A

distinct and separate cell structures which preform and monitor processes essential for cell survival, function = structure

73
Q

what is the nucleus

A

contains genes, 5 um, has a nuclear envelope, DNA in chromosomes

74
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

ribosomal RNA made, proteins from cytoplasm and rRNA make ribosomes

75
Q

what is the ER

A

smooth and rough, smooth = metabolic processes (lipids), detoxify in liver, rough = make proteins, glycoproteins

76
Q

what are vesicles

A

transport from one part of the cells to another

77
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

modify and stores proteins, ships proteins

78
Q

what are lysosomes

A

digest macromolecules

79
Q

what is tay sachs disease

A

body lacks lipid digesting enzymes, brain becomes impaired by lipid build up

80
Q

what is the vacuole

A

cell repository (storage) for food/contractile/central

81
Q

what are mitocondria

A

cell respiration, oxygen makes ATP from sugar fats and other fuel

82
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

perform photosynthesis, use solar energy to make chemical energy with sunlight and sugar from CO2 and H2O

83
Q

what are peroxisomes

A

metabolic compartment that remove hydrogen and transfer it to oxygen to make H2O2

84
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, organizes structures and activities

85
Q

what are cilia and flagella

A

microtubuole extensions from some cells used for movement

86
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model

A

proteins bobbing in fluid bilayer of phospholipids, describes cell membrane

87
Q

what is an amphipathic molecule

A

has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
exp phospholipid

88
Q

what part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic

A

phosphorus head

89
Q

what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic

A

lipid tails

90
Q

what are integral proteins

A

penetrate hydrophobic layer, most are transmembrane proteins but some only go part ways

91
Q

what are peripheral proteins

A

proteins that are loosely bound to surface often attached to integral proteins

92
Q

how to cells recognize other cells

A

binding to carbohydrates on the membrane, bond to glycolipids or glycoproteins

93
Q

what does cholesterol do in the cell membrane

A

reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temperatures and hinders solidification at lower temperatures

94
Q

why does the cell membrane only let some things through the membrane

A

it is selectively permeable

95
Q

what can get through the cell membrane the easiest

A

small nonpolar molecules

96
Q

what can get through the cell membrane pretty easily

A

small polar molecules

97
Q

what has a hard time getting through the cell membrane

A

large polar molecules

98
Q

what can’t get through the cell membrane

A

ions

99
Q

what do the proteins on the cell membrane do

A

they are responsible for function of the membrane such as transport and communication

100
Q

what are channel proteins

A

hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel
exp H2O and aquaporins

101
Q

what are carrier proteins

A

changes shape to carry molecules across the cell membrane

102
Q

what are receptors

A

lipid bilayer is discriminatory, only transports specific proteins, receptors unlock proteins
exp glucose and insulin

103
Q

what are cell recognition proteins

A

act upon substrate molecules to decrease activation energy necessary for chemical reactions to occur by stabilizing transition state

104
Q

what is diffusion

A

passive transport from a high to low gradient across membrane, no ATP required

105
Q

what is osmosis

A

diffusion of water

106
Q

what is facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion with transport proteins

107
Q

if a cell is in a hypertonic environment what happens to the water

A

cell loses water

108
Q

if a cell is in a hypotonic environment what happens to the water

A

cell gains water

109
Q

if a cell is in an isotonic environement what happens to the water

A

water goes in and out of the cell equally

110
Q

what happens to a cell in an isotonic environement

A

no net change

111
Q

what happens to a cell in a hypertonic environment

A

cell shrivels

112
Q

what happens to a cell in a hypotonic environment

A

cell lyses

113
Q

what is homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium

114
Q

what is active transport

A

transport against concentration gradient, requires ATP

115
Q

what are the two types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis

116
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs particle in food, vacuole, digested by lysosome

117
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid to get molecules dissolved in drops, receptor mediated allows for large amounts

118
Q

what is exocytosis

A

cell secretes biological materials by fusion of vesicles with membrane

119
Q

how does the sodium potassium pump work

A
  1. cytoplasmic Na binds to pump
  2. 3 Na = phosphorylation with ATP
  3. reduces affinity, releases Na out
  4. K binds and 2 = release
  5. original shape restored
  6. process is repeated
120
Q

what direction does the sodium potassium pump go in

A

sodium out potassium in

Biology (1 decks)

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