Biology Unit 1&2 Flashcards
1
Q
What elements are the most common in living matter?
A
CHONPS
2
Q
Proton Charge
A
Positive
3
Q
Neutron Charge
A
Neutral
4
Q
Electron Charge
A
Negative
5
Q
What is the most stable electron configuration
A
Full Valence shell
6
Q
What is the medium stable electron configuration
A
half full
7
Q
What is the least stable electron configuration
A
other combinations
8
Q
What is kinetic energy
A
energy of motion
9
Q
what is potential energy
A
energy at rest
10
Q
where is molar mass found on the periodic table
A
atomic mass
11
Q
What are covalent bonds
A
bonds where electrons are shared
12
Q
what is a single covalent bond
A
the sharing of a single electron
13
Q
what is a double covalent bond
A
sharing of 2 electrons
14
Q
what is a nonpolar covalent bond
A
bond between two atoms of the same element
15
Q
what is a polar covalent bond
A
bond between two atoms with a different electronegativity
16
Q
what is an ionic bond
A
bonds that give/take electrongs
17
Q
what do ionic bonds result in
A
ions
18
Q
what is a positive ion called
A
cation
19
Q
what is a negative ion called
A
anion
20
Q
what are the properties of water
A
polar, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization/fusion, less dense as a solid, universal solvent, expansion at freezing, capillary action
21
Q
why is water polar
A
V-shape, unequal sharing of electrons
22
Q
why is water cohesive
A
hydrogen bonding
23
Q
why is water adhesive
A
hydrogen bonding
24
Q
why does water do capillary action
A
cohesion and adhesion
25
why does water have a high specific heat
absorbs/releases large amounts of heat
26
why does water have a high heat of vaporization/fusion
absorbs/releases large amounts of heat
27
why is water less dense as a solid
hydrogen bonds
28
why is water a universal solvent
polar
29
why does water expand at freezing
molecules expand as they move faster
30
what does hydrophilic mean
water-loving
31
what does hydrophobic mean
water-hating
32
what type of function is pH
logarithmic
33
[H+] [OH-] = 10-14
[H+] = 107 [OH-] = 10-7
behavior of acids and bases
34
why does acid have a low pH
adds hydrogen, reduces hydroxide
35
why do bases have a high pH
adds hydroxide, decreases hydrogen
36
why is pH a log function
pH uses a factor of 100 trillion so it is more convenient to use moles/L
37
pH = -log[H+]
how pH is calculated
38
what is the formula for a neutral pH
-log10-7 = -(-7) = 7
39
what are pH buffers
they allow biological fluid to maintain constant pH (minimize hydrogen and hydroxide changes)
40
what are macromolecules
large carbon containing molecules made of smaller subunits
41
what is 1 small part of a macromolecule called
monomer
42
what is a chain of monomers called
polymer
43
what is dehydration synthesis
reaction to combine two monomers
44
what happens in dehydration synthesis
connects monomer to another monomer, condensation reactions, produces H2O, forms a covalent bond, happens in carbs and proteins, OH and H provided by each part
45
What is hydrolysis
reaction to split a polymer
46
what happens in hydrolysis
H2O is used to split a polymer, OH is attached to one, H is attached to other, example is digestion
47
what are proteins made of
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
48
what are the monomers of proteins
amino acids
49
what are amino acids made of
amine group and carboxyl
50
how many types of amino acids are there
20 types
51
what is a protein with two types of amino acids called
dipeptide
52
what is a protein with three types of amino acids called
polypeptide
53
what is a proteins function based on
structure
54
what is the primary structure of a protein
sequence of amino acids
Exp/ gly-pro-thr-gly-thr
55
how is the primary structure made
determined by genetic info
56
what does the primary structure do
dictates other structures
57
what is the secondary structure
the regions are stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide chains, can form alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet
58
how is the secondary structure formed
bonds between oxygen and hydrogen form structure, for a B-sheet they form side by side, for an A-helix, they form every 4th and form a coil
59
what is the tertiary structure
structure stabilized by side chain interactions
60
how does the tertiary structure form
covalent bonds form a disulfide bridge, bonds form between r-groups, these are often hydrophobic, can der waals interactions
61
what is the Quaternary structure
multiple polypeptides
62
how is the Quaternary structure formed
the chains are aggregated into one molecule
Exp collagen
63
what is an example of a protein
hemoglobin (oxygen binding, in blood) - made of 4 subunits
64
what happens when a protein changes shape
function is changed
exp hemoglobin - sickle cell disease, changes cell shape, can't carry as much O2 and shape can impede blood flow
65
what is denaturation
protein unraveling and changing shape
exp A-keratin (hair) straightening
66
What is cell theory
cells are the fundamental units to life
67
how big are cells
between 1-100 um
68
when do cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio
in cells that exchange lots of materials
69
what are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells
DNA in nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, larger
70
what are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells
nucleiod, cytoplasm, regions w/ proteins, smaller
71
what is endosymbiotic theory
eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic cells
72
what are organelles
distinct and separate cell structures which preform and monitor processes essential for cell survival, function = structure
73
what is the nucleus
contains genes, 5 um, has a nuclear envelope, DNA in chromosomes
74
what is the nucleolus
ribosomal RNA made, proteins from cytoplasm and rRNA make ribosomes
75
what is the ER
smooth and rough, smooth = metabolic processes (lipids), detoxify in liver, rough = make proteins, glycoproteins
76
what are vesicles
transport from one part of the cells to another
77
what is the golgi apparatus
modify and stores proteins, ships proteins
78
what are lysosomes
digest macromolecules
79
what is tay sachs disease
body lacks lipid digesting enzymes, brain becomes impaired by lipid build up
80
what is the vacuole
cell repository (storage) for food/contractile/central
81
what are mitocondria
cell respiration, oxygen makes ATP from sugar fats and other fuel
82
what are chloroplasts
perform photosynthesis, use solar energy to make chemical energy with sunlight and sugar from CO2 and H2O
83
what are peroxisomes
metabolic compartment that remove hydrogen and transfer it to oxygen to make H2O2
84
what is the cytoskeleton
network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, organizes structures and activities
85
what are cilia and flagella
microtubuole extensions from some cells used for movement
86
what is the fluid mosaic model
proteins bobbing in fluid bilayer of phospholipids, describes cell membrane
87
what is an amphipathic molecule
has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
exp phospholipid
88
what part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic
phosphorus head
89
what part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic
lipid tails
90
what are integral proteins
penetrate hydrophobic layer, most are transmembrane proteins but some only go part ways
91
what are peripheral proteins
proteins that are loosely bound to surface often attached to integral proteins
92
how to cells recognize other cells
binding to carbohydrates on the membrane, bond to glycolipids or glycoproteins
93
what does cholesterol do in the cell membrane
reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temperatures and hinders solidification at lower temperatures
94
why does the cell membrane only let some things through the membrane
it is selectively permeable
95
what can get through the cell membrane the easiest
small nonpolar molecules
96
what can get through the cell membrane pretty easily
small polar molecules
97
what has a hard time getting through the cell membrane
large polar molecules
98
what can't get through the cell membrane
ions
99
what do the proteins on the cell membrane do
they are responsible for function of the membrane such as transport and communication
100
what are channel proteins
hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel
exp H2O and aquaporins
101
what are carrier proteins
changes shape to carry molecules across the cell membrane
102
what are receptors
lipid bilayer is discriminatory, only transports specific proteins, receptors unlock proteins
exp glucose and insulin
103
what are cell recognition proteins
act upon substrate molecules to decrease activation energy necessary for chemical reactions to occur by stabilizing transition state
104
what is diffusion
passive transport from a high to low gradient across membrane, no ATP required
105
what is osmosis
diffusion of water
106
what is facilitated diffusion
diffusion with transport proteins
107
if a cell is in a hypertonic environment what happens to the water
cell loses water
108
if a cell is in a hypotonic environment what happens to the water
cell gains water
109
if a cell is in an isotonic environement what happens to the water
water goes in and out of the cell equally
110
what happens to a cell in an isotonic environement
no net change
111
what happens to a cell in a hypertonic environment
cell shrivels
112
what happens to a cell in a hypotonic environment
cell lyses
113
what is homeostasis
state of equilibrium
114
what is active transport
transport against concentration gradient, requires ATP
115
what are the two types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis
116
what is phagocytosis
cell engulfs particle in food, vacuole, digested by lysosome
117
what is pinocytosis
cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid to get molecules dissolved in drops, receptor mediated allows for large amounts
118
what is exocytosis
cell secretes biological materials by fusion of vesicles with membrane
119
how does the sodium potassium pump work
1. cytoplasmic Na binds to pump
2. 3 Na = phosphorylation with ATP
3. reduces affinity, releases Na out
4. K binds and 2 = release
5. original shape restored
6. process is repeated
120
what direction does the sodium potassium pump go in
sodium out potassium in
