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LHC > Biology Unit 1 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics for all living things?

A

Movement, respire, sense and response to environment, cells, reproduction, exerts waste, nutrient exchange

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2
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

Uni & multicellular, contains membrane-bound organelles, Nucleus containing double stranded DNA

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3
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular, No membrane-bound organelles, double stranded DNA, plasma membrane

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4
Q

Characteristic of Monera

A

Prokaryote, unicellular, cell wall, asexual, auto & hetorotrophic

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5
Q

Characteristics of Protista

A

Eukaryote, uni & multicellular, cellulose, sexual & asexual, hetorotrophic

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6
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Eukaryote, uni & multicellular, cell wall (chitin), sexual & sexual, hetortrophic

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7
Q

Characteristics of Plants

A

Eukaryote, multicellular, cell wall (cellulose), sexual, autotrophic

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8
Q

Characteristics of Animals

A

Eukaryote, multicellular, no cell wall, sexual, heterotrophic

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9
Q

Types of Autotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs (light energy into kinetic energy), Chemoautotrophs (chemicals into Kinetic energy)

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10
Q

Types of Heterotrophs

A

Holozoic (organic matter), Saprophytic (decaying matter), Parasitic (exploiting host)

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11
Q

Type of Macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates, fats/lipids, proteins

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12
Q

Monosaccharides

A

one carbohydrates

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13
Q

Types of micronutrients

A

vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, antioxidants

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14
Q

Disaccharides

A

two carbohydrates

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15
Q

Polysaccharides

A

many carbohydrates

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16
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guamine, Cytosine

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17
Q

Saturated Lipids

A

every carbon has a hydrogen

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18
Q

Unsaturated Lipids

A

more double bonds (lack of hydrogen), more flexible in cell membrane

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19
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

regulates what enters and exits the cell; made of glycoproteins, glycolipids, cholestrol, phosolipids & proteins

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20
Q

Cholesterol

A

type of lipid, required to build and maintain membrane, allows membrane flexibility

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21
Q

Phospholipids

A

a lipid containing a phosphate group, hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head, provide the cell with selective permability

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of DNA and proteins, carry out protein synthesis, composed of two subunits

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23
Q

Nucleus

A

controls activity of cell through DNA, chromosomes exits as chromatin until cell division, a double membrane with small pores for movement of substance in and out of nucleus.

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24
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

attached with ribosomes for proteins synthesis

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25
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

synthesise carbohydrates lipids, steroids and transport material

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26
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

involved in sorting, storing modification and export of secretory products

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27
Q

Plastids

A

site of storage and synthesis of important chemicals for autotrophic eukaryotes

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28
Q

Chemoplasts

A

coloured pigments to be synthesised and stored

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29
Q

Cholorplasts

A

specialised plastids found in green plants, chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and manufactures carbohydrates

30
Q

Mitochondria

A

energy producing part of cell; requires O2, have own mitochondria DNA and ribosomes

31
Q

Vacuoles & Vesicles

A

digestion within cell of worn-out cell parts; needed for cell rejuivenation, isolates waste material thats harmful

32
Q

Lysosome

A

fuses with vesicles to expel enzymes to digust waste; breaks down various molecules, cause ‘cell suicide’ to damaged cells

33
Q

Peroxisomes

A

produced in ER, involved in breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and long fatty acid chains

34
Q

Aerobic Respiration process

A
  1. Glycolysis - produces 2 pyruvate + 2ATP (high energy) + 2NADH (low energy)
  2. Kerbs Cycle - produces lots of low energy 3NADH + FADH2 + 3 carbon pyruvate
  3. Electron Transport Chain - series of enzymes, makes H20+ 36-38 ATP molecules
35
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

doesn’t need oxygen to produce energy, occurs in cytoplasm, glucose produces latic acid & ethanol, energy output 2 ATP

36
Q

Aerobic summary

A

occurs in cytoplasm & mitochondrion, glucose and O2 produces CO2 & H2O, energy output 36-38 ATP

37
Q

What turns into immediate energy?

A

Glucose, Glycogen, Fat

38
Q

What turns into stored energy?

A

Fatty Acids, glycerol, ketones

39
Q

What turns into tissue rebuilding?

A

Amino acids, glucose

40
Q

Object Size equation?

A

=FOV/# object size

41
Q

Drawing mag equation?

A

=Drawing size/object size

42
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

C6H12O6 +602 —> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36-38 ATP

43
Q

Factors affecting respiration

A

Temperature; too hot = denatured proteins, too cool = insufficient kinetic energy for collision to occur.

Inputs; glucose availability & oxygen concentration

44
Q

Fertilised egg

A

Zygote

45
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

It is a biological process wherein cells gain specialised roles and switch from one cell type to another in an entity

46
Q

Levels of Organisation

A
  1. Chemicals & Molecules
  2. Organelles
  3. Cells
  4. Tissue
  5. Organ
  6. System
  7. Organism
47
Q

Ficks Law

A

Rate of diffusion = (SA x difference in concentration)/(thickness of exchange surface)

48
Q

Things needed for a efficient Gas exchange

A

Large SA, moist surface, thin surface, large concentration difference

49
Q

Enzymes

A
  • Protein, biological catalyst which speeds a reaction without getting used up, specific roles in the body (break down)
  • specific substrate; substance that the enzyme binds to
50
Q

Types of Digestion

A

Mechanical and Chemical

51
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A
  • break down food into smaller parts
  • takes place in mouth/place
  • start of carbohydrate chemical digestion
52
Q

Chemical digestion

A

-break down of nutrients into smaller parts using enzymes to break chemical bonds

53
Q

Jejunum

A

finishes digestion & starts absorption

54
Q

Ileum

A

Absorption

55
Q

Duodenum

A

digestion of carbs, fats & proteins

56
Q

Bile

A
  • mechanical digestion of lipids
  • biological detergent
  • increase SA for enzyme attack
  • breaks down lipids into smaller lumps
57
Q

Chemistry of Digestion: Proteins

A
  • low pH destroys tertiary and Quaternary structure
  • proteins -> petides -> amino acids
58
Q

Exopeptidases

A

break off individual amino acids, outside enzymes

59
Q

Endopeptidases

A

separates amino acids into smaller parts, inside enzymes.

60
Q

Activation energy

A
  • the certain amount of energy needed for chemical reactions
  • enzymes reduces the activation energy needed for chemical reactions
61
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A
  • more energy than the products
  • catabolic (break down)
  • energy released from broken bonds
62
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A
  • less energy then the products
  • anabolic (building up)
  • energy required to synthesise bonds
63
Q

Active sites

A

The region on the surface of the enzyme which binds to the substrate molecule, Only specific substrate can bind to a particular enzyme active site.

64
Q

Collision Frequency

A

The rate of enzyme catalysis can be increases by improving the frquency of collision via:
- increase the molecular motion of particles through increasing energy
- increase the concentration of particles.

65
Q

Denature

A

Any change of the structure of the active site will negatively affect enzyme capacity to bind substrate

66
Q

How temperature effects enzyme activity?

A
  • low temp = insufficient energy
  • high temp = decrease enzyme stability
  • optimal temp = enzyme active peak
67
Q

How pH effects enzyme activity?

A
  • optimal pH = increase enzyme activity
  • change pH = alter charge of enzyme
68
Q

How substrate concentration effects enzyme activity?

A
  • increases substrate concentration = increase activity
  • at certain point = rate activity stabilises = all enzymes bound & reacting
69
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

a molecule, other than a substrate, binding to an enzyme active site

70
Q

Non competitive Inhibition

A

a molecule binding to a site other than the active site (an allosteric site)

LHC (3 decks)

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