Biology Unit 1 Flashcards
an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
movement
the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
respiration
the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and to make appropriate responses
sensitivity
a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
growth
removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic
excretion
the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
reproduction
taking in of materials for energy, growth and development
nutrition
What are the 7 characteristics of living organisms?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
smallest unit, enclosed by a membrane, that makes up all living organisms.
Cells
Cell Wall
The tough, protective barrier that surrounds the outer membrane of some types of cells and provides structure.
Chloroplast
An organelle in plant cells that is the site of photosynthesis
Cytoplasm
The jellylike substance that fills the inside of a cell and supports and contains all the cell’s internal structures and organelles
Magnification
The process of enlarging the size of something, such as an optical image
Nucleus
A membrane-bound structure that contains most of the cell’s genetic information and controls the main functions of the cell.
1
Vacuole
The Organelle that holds the nutrition and water in the cell
Which organelles are not found in animals cells
Cell Wall, Vacuole, Chloroplasts
which sub-cellular structure makes food in a plant cell
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
The site of aerobic respiration in the cell.
Which part of the cell is the arrow pointing to? (It gives structure to the cell)
Cell Wall
Which structures are the arrows pointing to? (The site of photosynthesis)
Chloroplast
Which part of the cell is the arrow pointing to? (It controls what can enter and exit the cell)
Cell Membrane
Which part of the cell are the arrows pointing to? (The site of aerobic respiration)
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
Controls what can enter and exit the cell
Ribosomes
The site of protein synthesis
Small parts of the cell found in the cytoplasm eg Mitochondria & Nucleus
Organelle
What is the arrow pointing to? (Controls the cell)
Nucleus
What is the arrow point to? (Contains cell sap)
Vacuole
What is the arrow pointing at? (Site of protein synthesis)
Ribosomes
What is the function of the Ciliated Cell?
Movement of mucus in the trachea and Bronchi
What is the function of the Red Blood Cell
The Transport of Oxygen
What is the function of the Sperm Cell
Contains the Male Genetic Material for Reproduction.
What is the function of the Egg Cell (Ovum)
Contains the female genetic material for reproduction
What is the function of the root hair cell?
Absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil
What is the function of the Palisade Mesophyll Cell
Photosynthesis
What are the adaptations of the Ciliated Cell?
Extensions from the cell membrane called Cillia move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tracts.
What are the adaptations of the Red Blood Cells
1) Biconcave disc shape increases surface area for more efficient diffusion of Oxygen
2) Contains Haemoglobin to bind Oxygen
3) Contains no nucleus to increase the amount of space for Haemoglobin
What are the adaptations of the sperm cell?
1) Contains half the amount of DNA for fertilisation (Haploid)
2) The Acrosome in the head contains digestive enzymes to break down the ovum’s cell membrane
3) Contains lots of mitochondria to release energy for movement
4) Tail enables the sperm to swim
What are the adaptations of the Ovum? (Egg Cell)
1) Contains lots of cytoplasm which has nutrients for embryo development
2) Contains half of the DNA for fertilisation (Haploid)
3) Cell membrane changes after fertilisation so only one sperm can enter.
What are the adaptations of the Root Hair Cell?
1) Root hairs increase surface area of the cell to ensure maximum efficiency for diffusion of mineral Ions and osmosis.
2) Thin walls to reduce the diffusion distance
3) No chloroplasts
What are the adaptations of the Palisade Mesophyll Cell?
1) Column shapes to maximise absorption of sunlight and increase photosynthesis
2) Contains many chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis.
What is Diffusion?
The Movement of particles for an area of high concentration to low concentration, down the concentration gradient, until equilibrium is reached. This is a passive process.
What factors can affect the rate of diffusion?
1) Temperature
2) Surface Area
3) Concentration Gradient
4) Diffusion Distance
How does an increase in temperature affect diffusion?
Increase the rate
How does a increase in diffusion distance affect diffusion
Decrease the rate of diffusion
How does a increase in surface area affect diffusion?
Increase the rate of diffusion
How does a decrease in concentration gradient affect diffusion
Decrease the rate of diffusion
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water particles from an area of high water potential to low water potential, through a partially permeable membrane, until equilibrium is reached. This process requires no energy
What is another term for high water potential?
High water concentration
Dilute solution
What is another term for low water potential
Low water concentration
Concentrated solution
How could you describe a solution with lower water potential compared to a cell
Hypertonic solution
How could you describe a solution with a higher water potential compared to a cell?
Hypotonic
How could you describe a solution with the same water potential as a cell?
Isotonic
What will happen to a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
Water will move out of the cell via osmosis. The cell will decrease in turgor pressure, becoming flaccid
What will happen to a cell when it placed in an isotonic solution?
The net movement of water will be zero, so there will be no change in the cell
What will happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution
Water will move into the cell via osmosis, making the cell become turgid. If too much water enters the cell it will burst open (plasmolysis)
What is it called when the net movement of water molecules is zero?
Equilibrium
What is a semipermeable membrane?
A selective barrier
What other names can a semi-permeable membrane have?
Partially permeable
Selectively permeable
What is the concentration gradient?
The difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas
What is the chemical used to test for starch?
Iodine
What is the chemical used to test for protein?
Biuret
What is the chemical used to test for Lipids?
Ethanol
What is the positive colour change for Benedict’s solution?
Blue —> Red
What is the positive colour change for Biuret’s Solution?
Blue —> Pink / Purple / Lilac
What is the positive colour change for iodine?
Orange —> Blue / Black
What does a positive result for the the Ethanol test look like?
Clear —> Cloudy emulsion
Which test is most likely to be positive when testing meat?
Biuret
Which test is most likely to be positive when testing pasta?
Iodine
Which test is most likely to be positive when testing olive oil?
Ethanol
Which test is most likely to be positive when testing orange juice?
Bennedict’s
Why are enzymes important for digestion?
To speed up the chemical reactions
Which structure represents the enzyme
A
Which enzyme is found in saliva?
Amylase
Which structure represents the substrate?
C
Enzymes usually end in ….
- ase
Maltese
Protease
Lipase
Carbohydrase
Which enzyme breaks down sugar in milk products?
Lactase
Which structure represents the product?
D
When an enzyme’s shape has been changed or altered so it is no longer functioning we say it has been …..
Denatured
Proteases like pepsin are found in the stomach. Pepsin works well at which pH level?
2
Amylase breaks down starch from _____ to _____
Starch to maltose
What is an example of the chemical breakdown of food?
Amylase in saliva
What is an example of mechanical breakdown of food?
Mastication - chewing
Which type of enzyme is found in the stomach?
Protease
The position on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate will bind is called the …..
Active site
What is an Enzyme?
Family of proteins produced by living cells that acts as a biological catalyst.
How would we describe the conditions such as temperature and pH at which an enzyme has its highest activity?
Optimum Temperature
Optimum pH
When an enzyme can only act on one substrate we would describe it as ……
Specific
The Model used to describe enzyme substrate interactions
Lock and Key model
