Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology > biology topic 1 > Flashcards

biology topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a monomer?

A

small unit from which a polymer is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the general formula for starch?

A

CH2On

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is glucose?

A

hexose sugar with 6 carbon atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an isomer?

A

the same molecule with a different arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

when two molecules join to form a new chemical bond and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

molecule of water breaks bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is sucrose made of?

A

glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is lactose made of?

A

glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is maltose made of?

A

two alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a polymer of alpha glucose?

A

starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a polymer of beta glucose?

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the structure of starch?

A

storage molecule
amylose= long, unbranched, coiled, compact
amylopectin= long, branched, quickly broken down
insoluble- doesn’t affect osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the structure of glycogen?

A

alpha glucose
branched to quickly release energy
compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the structure of cellulose?

A

long
unbranched
beta glucose
chains linked by hydrogen bonds known as microfibrils for structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what bonds join carbohydrates?

A

glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the monomers of proteins?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the parts of an amino acid?

A

amine group, variable group, carboxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what bonds are formed between amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how many amino acids are all living things made of?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A

enzymes, muscles, structure, antibodies, transport etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

sequence of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

hydrogen bonds form between amino acids, coils into an alpha helix or folds into a beta pleated sheet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

hydrogen and ionic bonds/ disulphide bridges form to make the 3D structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the quaternary structure of a protein?
multiple polypeptides join
26
what is a triglyceride made of?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
27
what is the structure of a phospholipid?
phosphate group, glycerol, 2 fatty acids
28
why can a phospholipid bilayer be formed?
hydrophobic head, hydrophilic tail
29
what is a saturated fatty acid?
no double carbon bonds, as many hydrogen atoms as possible
30
what is an unsaturated fatty acid?
at least one double carbon bond which causes the chain to kink
31
where is the energy stored in phospholipids?
long hydrocarbon tails
32
what is the centre of the phospholipid bilayer?
hydrophobic- water soluble substances cannot pass through
33
how do enzymes speed up reactions?
by acting as biological catalysts
34
what are enzymes?
proteins
35
how can enzymes lower the activation energy?
reduce repulsion so molecules can bind more easily, put a strain on bonds in the substrate so it can break more easily
36
what is the lock and key model?
each substrate only fits a specific enzyme to form an enzyme substrate complex
37
what is the induced fit model?
as the substrate binds the active site slightly changes shape
38
why are enzymes specific?
shape determined by their tertiary structure
39
how does temperature effect enzyme activity?
increases enzyme activity until it denatures due to a change in the shape of the active site
40
how does pH effect enzyme activity?
have an optimum pH value- if not they denature
41
how does enzyme concentration effect rate of reaction?
steady increase as more active sites are available, increases as long as substrate amount increases as well
42
how does substrate concentration effect the rate of reaction?
steady increase as more substrates are available but once all active sites are used has no effect
43
how do competitive inhibitors work?
similar shape to substrate so block the active site
44
how do non competitive inhibitors work?
bind to the enzyme away from its active site which changes the shape of the active site
45
what does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
46
what does RNA stand for?
ribonucleic acid
47
what is the role of DNA?
stores genetic information
48
what is the role of RNA?
transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
49
what is the structure of a nucleotide?
pentose sugar, nitrogen containing base, phosphate group
50
what is the structure of DNA?
phosphate, deoxyribose, base
51
what are the complementary pairs in DNA?
adenine/thymine, guanine/cytosine
52
what is the structure of RNA?
phosphate, ribose, base
53
what are the complementary pairs in RNA?
adenine/uracil, guanine/cytosine
54
what bond joins nucleotides?
phosphodiester
55
what is the sugar phosphate backbone?
chain of sugars and phosphate
56
how do polynucleotide strands join?
hydrogen bonds between the bases
57
what is the structure of the DNA double helix?
antiparallel polynucleotide strands twist
58
who proposed the DNA double helix?
Watson and Crick
59
what is the structure of RNA?
short, single polynucleotide strand
60
how does DNA replicate?
semi conservative replication
61
how does semi conservative replication occur?
DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between bases to form 2 single strands, original strands act as a template strand, complementary base pairing occurs, DNA polymerase joins nucleotides, hydrogen bonds form between strands
62
who provided evidence for semi conservative replication?
Meselson and Stahl
63
what is the evidence for semi conservative replication?
bacteria grown in a culture containing heavy 15N, some moved to a culture containing light 14N, samples extracted after DNA replication, centrifugation formed a pellet, settled in the middle
64
what is semi conservative replication?
replicated DNA molecules contain one new strand of DNA and one original strand of DNA
65
how does the structure of DNA relate to its function?
sugar phosphate backbone and H bonds=stability long molecules=stores info compact helix=storage base sequence=codes for amino acids double stranded=semi conservative replication complementary base pairs= accurate replication weak H bonds=strands easily separate to replicate
66
what is the structure of water?
one atom of hydrogen joined to two atoms of water
67
what is the charge of hydrogen?
slightly positive
68
what is the charge of oxygen?
slightly negative
69
what type of molecule is water?
polar
70
what bonds are present in water?
covalent bonds
71
why is it useful that water is a metabolite?
many reactions use condensation or hydrolysis reactions
72
why is it important that water has a high latent heat?
means humans can cool down without losing too much water
73
why is it important that water has a high specific heat capacity?
helps animals cope when their environment suddenly changes temperature, and helps them to maintain a constant internal temperature
74
how does water work as a solvent?
positive/negative end of water attracted to a positive/negative ion, surrounds and dissolves
75
why is it useful for water to be cohesive?
helps water to flow and means it has a high surface tension
76
what is ATP made from?
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups
77
why is ATP important for cells?
they cannot get their energy directly from glucose
78
where is the energy made in ATP stored?
high energy bonds between the phosphate groups
79
why is it useful for ATP to be coupled with other reactions?
prevents energy being lost as heat
80
how is ATP hydrolysed?
ATP hydrolase splits ATP into ADP (with 2 phosphates) and Pi
81
how is ATP resynthesized?
condensation reaction using ATP synthase
82
what is an ion?
atom with an electric charge
83
what is a cation?
ion with a positive charge
84
what is an anion?
ion with a negative charge
85
what is an inorganic ion?
an ion that doesn't contain carbon
86
what is the role of an iron ion?
binds to oxygen in haemoglobin
87
what is the role of a hydrogen ion?
determines pH- more hydrogen ions=lower pH
88
what is the role of sodium ions?
transport glucose and amino acids across membranes
89
what is the role of phosphate ions?
part of DNA, RNA and ATP

biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions