Biology to tissue response to disease l & ΙΙ + tumours Flashcards
Cardinal signs of Inflammation
- Rubor (redness)
- Dolor (pain)
- Calor (heat)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Functio laesia (loss of function)
charcteristics of Transudates
Low protein content
Low specific gravity
Little or no cellular material
Characteristics of exudates
Extravascular fluid with following characteristics:
High protein concentration
High specific gravity
Contains cellular debris
[Transudate/exudate?} : Ultra-filtrate of blood plasma due to imbalance btw. osmotic and hydrostatic pressure across vessel wall
Transudate
features:
–> Increase of vascular permeability
–> Associated with inflammatory reaction
Are the features of Transudates/exudates?
Exudates
cellular response of leukocytes to a wound, in order
1) Margination
2) Rolling (or trumbling)
3) Adhesion
4) Transmigration
———————– :an antibody or other substance which binds to foreign microorganisms or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonins
The difference btw Cell-derived / Plasma-derived inflammation mediators
Cell-derived meditors:
- Normally sequestered in intracellular granules
- Rapidly secreted by granule exocytosis (Histamine in mast cell granules)
- Or synthesised de novo (e.g. Prostaglandins,
Cytokines)
Plasma-derived Mediators:
- Produced mainly in the liver (e.g. Complement
proteins, Kinins)
- Present in the circulation as active precursors
- Activation of the latter by a series of proteolytic
cleavages → Acquirement of their biologic properties
Effects of Histamine
casuses dilatation of arterioles and increases the permeability of venules, associated with contraction of endothelial cells in post-capillary venules
The 4 major group classification of Chemokines [according to the arrangement of the conserved cysteine residues in the mature proteins]
1) C-X-C chemokines
2) C-C chemokines
3) C chemokines
4) CX3C chemokines
Known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor?
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitric Oxide is Synthesised from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
What are the Three different types of NOS?
1) Endothelial (eNOS)
2) Neuronal (nNOS)
3) Inducible (iNOS)
Steps of Repair by connective tissue deposition
- Inflammation
- Angiogenesis
- Migration and fibroblast proliferation
- Scar formation
- Connective tissue remodeling
The 3 phases of Cutaneous wound healing
1) Inflammation
2) Proliferation
3) Maturation
Microscopic features:
▫ Aggregation of macrophages → Transformation into epithelioid cells
▫ Collar of leukocytes and occasionally plasma cells
▫ Rim of fibroblasts and connective tissue (older granulomas)
▫ Presence of giant cells (result of fusion of epithelioid cells), in the periphery or center of granulomas
▫** Two types of giant cells:**
1. Langhans-type
2. Foreign body-type
Are the features of what type of inflammation?
Granulomatous inflammation
