Biology to tissue response to disease l & ΙΙ + tumours Flashcards
Cardinal signs of Inflammation
- Rubor (redness)
- Dolor (pain)
- Calor (heat)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Functio laesia (loss of function)
charcteristics of Transudates
Low protein content
Low specific gravity
Little or no cellular material
Characteristics of exudates
Extravascular fluid with following characteristics:
High protein concentration
High specific gravity
Contains cellular debris
[Transudate/exudate?} : Ultra-filtrate of blood plasma due to imbalance btw. osmotic and hydrostatic pressure across vessel wall
Transudate
features:
–> Increase of vascular permeability
–> Associated with inflammatory reaction
Are the features of Transudates/exudates?
Exudates
cellular response of leukocytes to a wound, in order
1) Margination
2) Rolling (or trumbling)
3) Adhesion
4) Transmigration
———————– :an antibody or other substance which binds to foreign microorganisms or cells making them more susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonins
The difference btw Cell-derived / Plasma-derived inflammation mediators
Cell-derived meditors:
- Normally sequestered in intracellular granules
- Rapidly secreted by granule exocytosis (Histamine in mast cell granules)
- Or synthesised de novo (e.g. Prostaglandins,
Cytokines)
Plasma-derived Mediators:
- Produced mainly in the liver (e.g. Complement
proteins, Kinins)
- Present in the circulation as active precursors
- Activation of the latter by a series of proteolytic
cleavages → Acquirement of their biologic properties
Effects of Histamine
casuses dilatation of arterioles and increases the permeability of venules, associated with contraction of endothelial cells in post-capillary venules
The 4 major group classification of Chemokines [according to the arrangement of the conserved cysteine residues in the mature proteins]
1) C-X-C chemokines
2) C-C chemokines
3) C chemokines
4) CX3C chemokines
Known as endothelium-derived relaxing factor?
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitric Oxide is Synthesised from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
What are the Three different types of NOS?
1) Endothelial (eNOS)
2) Neuronal (nNOS)
3) Inducible (iNOS)
Steps of Repair by connective tissue deposition
- Inflammation
- Angiogenesis
- Migration and fibroblast proliferation
- Scar formation
- Connective tissue remodeling
The 3 phases of Cutaneous wound healing
1) Inflammation
2) Proliferation
3) Maturation
Microscopic features:
▫ Aggregation of macrophages → Transformation into epithelioid cells
▫ Collar of leukocytes and occasionally plasma cells
▫ Rim of fibroblasts and connective tissue (older granulomas)
▫ Presence of giant cells (result of fusion of epithelioid cells), in the periphery or center of granulomas
▫** Two types of giant cells:**
1. Langhans-type
2. Foreign body-type
Are the features of what type of inflammation?
Granulomatous inflammation
Mirco. features:
Centrally located, surrounded by epithelioid and
giant cells
Refractile under polarised light
Are the featues of what type of inflammation?
Foreign-body Granulomas
MoA of eNOS
Maintenance of vascular tone
MoA of nNOS
Neurotransmitter function
MoA of iNOS
Induced when macrophages and neutrophils
are activated by cytokines or microbial products
Effects of NO on NOS
▫ Inhibition of the firm Adherence of leukocytes to
the endothelium (eNOS)
▫ Stimulates relaxation of smooth muscle → Controls
vascular tone (eNOS)
▫ Inhibits platelet adherence and aggregation →
Contributes to endothelial thrombo-resistance (eNOS)
▫ Immune defense against pathogens (iNOS)
Grading system of Renal cell Carcinoma
Fuhrman (4tier) system
Grading system of Prostatic Carcinoma
Gleason (5tier) system
Grading system of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Classified as “low” or “high”
grade, depending on the subtype
———–: Perform the main function of a tissue
Parenchymal Cells
