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biology > Biology test (Sep. 13) > Flashcards

Biology test (Sep. 13) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

autotroph

A
  • producer
  • make their own energy through photosynthesis
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2
Q

heterotroph

A
  • consumer
  • get energy by consuming other organisms
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3
Q

primary consumer

A

only eats plants (herbivores)

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4
Q

2ndary consumer

A

eat primary consumers (carnivores/omnivores)

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5
Q

tertiary

A

eat secondary consumers (carnivores/omnivores)

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6
Q

scavengers

A

feed off dead consumers

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7
Q

decomposer

A

feed by breaking down organic matter from dead organisms

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8
Q

what happens to the energy?

A
  • used to carry out functions of life (reproduction/growing)
  • some energy gets lost in the atmosphere as heat
  • 10% is available for the consumer
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9
Q

food chains

A
  • show the transfer of energy from the sun to consumer
  • arrows point in the direction the energy is going in (into the mouth of the consumer)
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10
Q

food webs

A
  • rarely in nature the transfer of energy is as simple as one food change
  • food webs are interconnected food chains that show the feeding relationships of many organisms in an ecosystem
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11
Q

biodiversity

A
  • the variety of all types of organisms living in a given area
  • effects the sustainability of an ecosystem
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12
Q

energy pyramid

A
  • shows transfer of energy
  • shows available amounts of energy for consumers
  • decreases (10%) as the levels increase
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13
Q

trophic level

A
  • each level in an energy pyramid
  • each level decreases by 10%
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14
Q

biogeochemical cycles

A

the movement/cycling of elements through a system - carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and water

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15
Q

transpiration

A

evaporation of water from plant leaves

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16
Q

water cycle

A

accumulation > evaporation > condensation > precipitation > surface runoff
or
transpiration > condensation > precipitation

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17
Q

nutrient cycles

A
  • oxygen is part of the cycle, but doesn’t get its own cycle
    three types: carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
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18
Q

carbon cycle

A
  • carbon is a building block of life
  • burning fossil fuels makes the carbon cycle unbalanced

takes carbon out: photosynthesis + dying
in: respiration (breathing) + cellular respiration

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19
Q

nitrogen cycle

A
  • major part of DNA
  • 78% of our atmosphere contains nitrogen, but we can’t use it from the air
  • bacteria converts nitrogen into a form plants can use (in the soil)
  • consumers get nitrogen through eating plants
  • when organisms die, nitrogen goes back into the soil and then eventually into the air through dentrification
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20
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • cellular respiration involves glucose and oxygen as inputs and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy as outputs
21
Q

denitrification

A

the removal of nitrogen that comes from the soil and goes into the air

22
Q

phosphorous cycle

A
  • important part of cell membranes, DNA, and RNA
  • does not cycle through the atmosphere
  • humans ruin with fertilizer runoff
  • phosphorous doesn’t reach the air ever

two phosphorous reservoirs: geosphere + hydrosphere

23
Q

ecology

A
  • interactions between living things
  • interactions between living things and their environment
24
Q

organism

A

An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops

EX: a dolphin

25
Q

population

A

a group of the same species which
interbreed and live in the same
Place at the same time

EX: a pod of dolphins

26
Q

community

A

all the populations of different
species that live in the same place
at the same time

EX: a pod of dolphins and a school of fish

27
Q

ecosystem

A

populations of plants and
animals that interact with each
other in a given area with the
abiotic components of that area

EX: dolphins, fish, coral, water, & temperature

28
Q

biome

A

a major regional area usually
characterized by climate conditions
and plants that live there
* larger

EX: georgia vs. arizona

29
Q

biosphere

A
  • life is found in air, on land,
    and in fresh & salt waters
  • the biosphere is that portion of
    earth that supports living things

*only EX is earth

30
Q

population dynamics

A

how populations change in size and composition over time

31
Q

exponential growth

A
  • fast and rapid growth of population due to an abundance of resources
  • may occur when a species moves to a previously unhabituated area
  • not sustainable/only exists for a short period of time
    j shaped curve
32
Q

logistics growth

A
  • population faces limited resources
  • growth gets smaller and smaller as it reaches carrying capacity (when the line starts to go straight across)
    s-shaped curve
33
Q

population density

A

the number of individuals in a given area

34
Q

limiting factors

A
  • abiotic
  • biotic
  • density-independent
  • density-dependent
35
Q

density-independent

A

anything that effects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population/the number of the people (often abiotic)

EX: natural disasters

36
Q

density-dependent

A

anything that effects the size of a population of living things in response to the density of a population/the number of people (often biotic)

EX: competition for limited food and water or disease (ex: covid)

37
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can support

38
Q

what are limiting factors

A

anything that restricts/limits/slows down the growth of a population

39
Q

population variety

A
  • basically just biodiversity
  • high levels of biodiversity lead to healthier ecosystems
  • biodiversity depends on factors that can include moisture, temperature, and predators

EX: coral reef and tropical rainforests (they both have diversity in species)

40
Q

keystone species

A

species that would have a very large effect/impact on an ecosystem if removed

EX: beavers, sea otters, and wolves

41
Q

foundation species

A
  • what everything is created upon
  • creating and maintaining habitat
  • locally abundant and have unique control over biodiversity in an ecosystem
  • building blocks in an ecosystem

EX: coral

42
Q

native species

A
  • species that are found in a certain ecosystem due to natural process
  • native to their ecosystem
  • no human influence behind their presence
43
Q

non-native species

A
  • not where they are supposed to be/unnaturally there
  • usually the result of human action
  • don’t have to be invasive or harmful

EX: tomatoes and kudzo

44
Q

what increases population size

A

births and immigration

45
Q

what decreases population size

A

deaths and emigration

46
Q

what limits the size of a population (biotic & abiotic)

A

biotic - food, predators, disease, and competition for mates
abiotic - weather, shelter, and climate

47
Q

how is population growth determined

A

the rate of population growth is determined by the amount of resources available

48
Q

what changes the growth rates of a population

A

density-dependent and density-independent factors

biology (1 decks)

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