Biology Test- Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction (Topics 9.3 and 9.4)

Question 1

Pollination

Answer 1

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma (usually occurs between different plants)

Question 2

Fertilization

Answer 2

The fusion of the male gamete nuclei (in pollen) with the female gamete nuclei (in ovule)

Question 3

Seed Dispersal

Answer 3

The fertilized ovule (seed) moves away from the parent plant to reduce the competition for growth

Question 4

Flowers Development

Answer 4

Develop from changes in gene expression in the shoot apex

Question 5

Flowers & Pollinator

Answer 5

Mutualistic relationship in order to reproduce. Plants get a mechanism of pollen transfer and the animal gains a source of nutrition.

Question 6

Pistil

Answer 6

Female structure (Stigma, style, ovule)

Question 7

Stamen

Answer 7

Male structure (anther, filament)

Question 8

Photoperiodism

Answer 8

is the response of the plant to the length of day or night and controls flowering

Question 9

Phytochrome

Answer 9

regulates flowering, exists in Pr and Pfr form, reverts to inactive red form at night

Question 10

Pr

Answer 10

inactive red form, absorbs red light to become Pfr

Question 11

Pfr

Answer 11

active far red form which is predominant during the day, absorbs red light and forms Pr

Question 12

Germination

Answer 12

process by which a seed emerges from a period of dormancy and sprouts to form a new plant

Question 13

Germination Condtions

Answer 13

oxygen to produce ATP via aerobic respiration, water to metabolically activate the cells, suitable temperature and pH for enzyme activity

Question 14

Long Day Plants

Answer 14

Pfr activates flowering which is induced when the night length is short

Question 15

Short Day Plants

Answer 15

-Pfr inhibits flowering which is induced when the night length is over 12 hours

Question 16

Meristems

Answer 16

undifferentiated cells in a plant that are capable of indeterminate growth

Question 17

Meristem Regions

Answer 17

specific regions of growth or development and allow for regrowth and vegative propagation.

Question 18

Meristematic Tissues

Answer 18

Either apical or lateral

Question 19

Apical Tissue

Answer 19

occurs in shoots & roots, is responsible for primary growth (lengthening) and leaf development

Question 20

Lateral Tissue

Answer 20

occurs at the cambium, is responsible for secondary growth (widening) and the production of bark

Question 21

Auxin Release

Answer 21

release by the shoot apical meristem & coordinates both apical growth and directional growth (tropism)

Question 22

Auxin Influences..

Answer 22

cell growth rates by changing the pattern of gene expression within the plant tissue

Question 23

Auxin efflux pumps

Answer 23

set up concentration gradients of auxin in plant tissues to allow for differentiated growth rates

Question 24

Auxin

Answer 24

a plant hormone that controls growth in the shoot apex by stimulation of inhibition cell division (mitosis)

Question 25

Apical Growth

Answer 25

growth in the shoot apex allows for extension of the stem and the development of leaves (primary growth)

Question 26

Apical Growth (Stem)

Answer 26

occurs in sections called nodes, with the remaining meristem tissue forming inactive axillary bud which have the potential to form new shoots

Question 27

Apical Dominance

Answer 27

Auxin promotes growth in apex but inhibit growth in buds (vertical growth)

Question 28

Tropisms

Answer 28

the turning of an organism in response to a direction external stimulus

Question 29

Tropism Example

Answer 29

Phototropism in response to light

Question 30

Tropisms differ

Answer 30

according to the type of plant tissue, in plant shoots auxin promotes cell elongation, in plant roots auxin inhibits cell elongation

Question 31

Micropropagation

Answer 31

a vitro technique used to produce large numbers of identical plants from a selected stock plant

Question 32

Micropropagation Steps

Answer 32

Tissue sample is grown in agar and treated with growth hormones, growing shoot sare divided and transferred to soil to form new plants

Question 33

Micropropagation Uses

Answer 33

rapid bulking up of new plant varieties, production of virus-free stains of existing varieties, the propagation of rare plant species.

Question 34

Shoot Apex

Answer 34

very top of the shoot of the plant which is the stem together with the leaves

Question 35

Self Pollination

Answer 35

Pollen from anther of same plant falls on its own stigma (less genetic variation)

Question 36

Cross Pollination

Answer 36

Pollen from anther of one plant carried to stigma of different plant (increased genetic variation, but long distance for pollen to travel)

Question 37

Angiosperms

Answer 37

Flowering plants

Question 38

Gymnosperms (conifers)

Answer 38

Seeds are in cones (naked seeds)

Question 39

Filicophytes

Answer 39

Have pinnate leaves (leaflets on stalks), reproduce using spores released from sor, ex: fern

Question 40

Bryophytes

Answer 40

Small, lacks leaves & stems, no xylem/phloem tissue, reproduce using spores, ex: mosses.

Question 41

Monocots

Answer 41

(one cotyledon, fibrous roots, scattered vascular, leaf parallel veins, multiples of 3 flowers

Question 42

dicots

Answer 42

two cotyledon, tap roots, ringed vascular, not-like veins leaf, 4 or 5 flowers

Question 43

Gymnosperms & Dicots

Answer 43

only types of plants that have both apical and lateral meristems

Question 44

Vectors for Seed Dispersal wind, water, animals

Answer 44

wind, water, animals

Question 45

Adaptations of flowers to attract pollinators

Answer 45

large, brightly colored, scented flowers, sticky pollen grains