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Biology Test Ch 1-5 > Biology Test Ch 1-5 > Flashcards

Biology Test Ch 1-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

metr- (or meter)

A

Measure

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2
Q

mega-

A

Large

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3
Q

giga-

A

Giant

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4
Q

kilo-

A

one thousand (1,000)

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5
Q

hecto-

A

one hundred (100)

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6
Q

deka- (or deca-)

A

ten (10)

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7
Q

deci-

A

one-tenth (1/10)

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8
Q

centi-

A

one hundredth (1/100)

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9
Q

milli-

A

one-thousandth (1/1,000)

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10
Q

micro-

A

small

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11
Q

What is the mass number of an ion with 109 electrons, 159 neutrons, and a +1 charge?

A

269

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12
Q

Non-covalent attraction between hydrogen and and electronegative atom. (Links H2O to H2O)

A

Hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

Electrons are shared equally in this because the two atoms have same electronegativity? (Links Hydrogen to Oxygen)

A

Covalent bonds

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14
Q

What is the resistance of the surface of a liquid to stretching or breaking?

A

Surface tension

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15
Q

What is clinging of one substance to another called?

A

Adhesion

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16
Q

What is it called when Hydrogen bonds hold a substance together?

A

Cohesion

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17
Q

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 10 degrees Celsius

A

High specific heat

High temperature changes quicker with heat

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18
Q

co-

A

with or together with

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19
Q

non-

A

not

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20
Q

quad- (or quat-)

A

four

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21
Q

iso-

A

equal

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22
Q

tri-

A

three

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23
Q

prim-

A

first

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24
Q

anti-

A

against

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25
Q

mono-

A

single

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26
Q

poly-

A

many

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27
Q

di-

A

two

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28
Q

ad-

A

to

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29
Q

-lysis

A

loosening, split apart

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30
Q

proto-

A

first

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31
Q

hydro-

A

water

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32
Q

-phob

A

to fear

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33
Q

neutr-

A

of neither gender or type

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34
Q

de-

A

from, out of, remove

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35
Q

lip-

A

fat

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36
Q

-phil

A

to love

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37
Q

A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as what?

A

Carbohydrate

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38
Q

Because it can be split into two monosaccharides, Lactose, the sugar in milk is what?

A

A Disaccharide

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39
Q

A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is what?

A

Polysaccharide

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40
Q

Can a monosaccharide be hydrolyzed any further?

A

No

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41
Q

Name the four levels of structure in proteins

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

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42
Q

Which axis of a graph (X or Y) is usually the dependent variable?

A

Y axis

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43
Q

What are the functions of smooth ER?

A

Lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage, and poison detoxification

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44
Q

What is the main function of rough ER?

A

Protein synthesis

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45
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Protein modification and sorting, and cisternal maturation

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46
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

Macromolecule digestion, and autophagy

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47
Q

What are three proteins synthesized by bound ribosomes?

A

Insulin, ER protein, and lysosomal enzyme

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48
Q

What path does a secretory protein take from synthesis to secretion? (5 steps)

A

ER, cis Golgi, medial Golgi, trans Golgi, Plasma Membrane

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49
Q

What 3 organelles are found only in a plant cell?

A

Chloroplast, cellulose cell wall, and central vacuole

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50
Q

What organelle can only be found in an animal cell?

A

Centriole

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51
Q

Which 6 organelles are found in both Plant and Animal cells?

A

Mitochondrian, ER, Golgi, cytoskeleton, nucleus, plasma membrane

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52
Q

What is the plant cell wall?

A

Strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils

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53
Q

What is the function of a central vacuole?

A

Regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds

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54
Q

What is the function of chloroplast?

A

Makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energy. Contains chlorophyll

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55
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrian?

A

Produces chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell

56
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Modifies and packages proteins

57
Q

What is the function of the Nucleolus?

A

Assembles ribosomes

58
Q

Which cell structure is only found in prokaryotic cells?

A

Nucleoid

59
Q

What 3 cell structures are found in Eukaryotic cells only?

A

Nucleolus, Mitochondria, Lysosome

60
Q

What 3 cell structures are found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?

A

Plasma membrane, Flagella, and Ribosomes

61
Q

In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are called?

A

Microtubules

62
Q

What is responsible for cell locomotion and the cell’s structural characteristics?

A

Microfilaments

63
Q

What are the rope-like structures that anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes? They are also specialized for bearing tension.

A

Intermediate Filaments

64
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in an isotonic solution?

A

Nothing happens to the cell because water moves into the cell at the same rate that it moves out of the cell.

65
Q

What happens if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will flow into the cell, causing it to swell (and possibly burst).

66
Q

What happens if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water will flow out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

67
Q

An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink in a process called what?

A

Crenation

68
Q

An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell and potentially burst in a process called what?

A

Hemolysis

69
Q

What molecules can easily cross the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

A

Small, hydrophobic nonpolar molecules

70
Q

Which 4 molecules can cross the lipid bilayer of a membrane directly, without a transport protein or other mechanism?

A

Lipids, Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide

71
Q

Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

A

Smooth ER

72
Q

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing what molecule?

A

Proteins

73
Q

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?

A

Lysosome

74
Q

The movement of the hydrophobic gas nitrous oxide (N2O) (laughing gas) into a cell is an example of which type of transport?

A

Diffusion across the lipid bilayer

75
Q

Which transport requires energy and moves up a concentration gradient?

A

Active Transport (Sodium Potassium Pump)

76
Q

What transport moves things or secretes them out of the cell? Such as viruses

A

Exocytosis

77
Q

Which transport takes in particles and makes the plasma membrane pinch in?

A

Endocytosis

78
Q

Does Passive Transport move Up or Down a concentration gradient?

A

Down

79
Q

What are two kinds of Passive Transport?

A

Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis

80
Q

A hypotonic solution does what to the cell?

A

Swells, or bursts

81
Q

A hypertonic solution does what to a cell?

A

Shrinks, or shrivels

82
Q

Which transport moves water molecules from high to low concentration?

A

Osmosis

83
Q

Does Diffusion require energy?

A

No

84
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model is a description of which organelle?

A

Plasma Membrane

85
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

bi-layer phosolipids

86
Q

Which organelle is selectively permeable?

A

Plasma Membrane

87
Q

Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

A

Function Groups

88
Q

Disassembles polymers to monomers. Process that is the reverse of dehydration reaction

A

Hydrolysis

89
Q

Which biochemical test is used to find Carbs and simple sugars?

A

Benedict’s Test

90
Q

Which biochemical test is used to find starch?

A

Lugel’s Test

91
Q

Which biochemical test is used to find Lipids (Fats)

A

Sudan’s Test

92
Q

Which biochecmical test is used to find proteins?

A

Biuret’s Test

93
Q

What are the 4 most common compounds found in us?

A

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon

94
Q

How do gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the plasma membrane?

A

Diffusion

95
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

96
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

Number of protons + neutrons

97
Q

What is a negatively charged ion?

A

Anion

98
Q

What rule explains that there can only be 8 electrons in each ring (after the first one)

A

Octet Rule

99
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

The electrons in the outermost ring

100
Q

What are half-life isotopes?

A

Isotopes that continue to split in two until they are completely gone

101
Q

Any substance that has an affinity for water

A

Hydrophilic

102
Q

Any substance that repels water

A

Hydrophobic

103
Q

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A

Base

104
Q

What are the 4 Organic Compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

105
Q

Does A link to T, G, or C?

A

T

106
Q

Does G link to A, T, or C?

A

C

107
Q

What are the building blocks of Carbs?

A

Simple sugars, monosaccharides

108
Q

What are the building blocks of Proteins?

A

Amino acids

109
Q

What are the building blocks of Lipids?

A

Fats: Fatty acids and Glycerol

110
Q

What are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotides

111
Q

What is Carbohydrates main function?

A

First source of energy

112
Q

What are Proteins functions?

A

Defense, storage, transport, movement, and structural support

113
Q

What are Lipids functions?

A

Energy Storage

114
Q

What are Nucleic Acids functions?

A

DNA and RNA

115
Q

Glucose, plant cell walls, chitin, glycogen, and cellulose are biological examples of which organic compound?

A

Carbohydrates

116
Q

Enzymes, nails, and hoofs are biological examples of which organic compound?

A

Proteins

117
Q

Fats, steroids, triaglycerol, saturated and unsaturated fats are biological examples of which organic compound?

A

Lipids

118
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Stores information for cells

119
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Protein synthesis

120
Q

Region between nucleus and plasma membrane (Interior)

A

Cytoplasm

121
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

122
Q

Function of nucleus?

A

Controls DNA for all cell information, and contains hereditary material

123
Q

What is the function of the Nucleolus?

A

Production of ribosomes

124
Q

Double membrane enclosing the nucleus

A

Nuclear Envelope

125
Q

What allows particles to move into the nucleus?

A

Nuclear Pores

126
Q

What is the material consisting of DNA, chromosomes, and proteins?

A

Chromatin

127
Q

–OH

A

Hydroxyl group

128
Q

–COOH

A

Carboxyl group

129
Q

–NH2

A

Amino group

130
Q

–OPO3

A

Phosphate group

131
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, plant cell growth and protection

132
Q

What is chloroplasts function?

A

Photosynthesis

133
Q

What two components are found in the phospholipid bi-layer of the plasma membrance?

A

Proteins, and cholesterol

134
Q

Is the head of a phospholipid Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

135
Q

Is the tail of a phospholipid Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic

136
Q

What links amino acids together?

A

Peptide Bonds

137
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The combination of HO and O particles to form a new water molecule

Biology Test Ch 1-5 (1 decks)

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