Biology Test Ch 1-5 Flashcards
1
Q
metr- (or meter)
A
Measure
2
Q
mega-
A
Large
3
Q
giga-
A
Giant
4
Q
kilo-
A
one thousand (1,000)
5
Q
hecto-
A
one hundred (100)
6
Q
deka- (or deca-)
A
ten (10)
7
Q
deci-
A
one-tenth (1/10)
8
Q
centi-
A
one hundredth (1/100)
9
Q
milli-
A
one-thousandth (1/1,000)
10
Q
micro-
A
small
11
Q
What is the mass number of an ion with 109 electrons, 159 neutrons, and a +1 charge?
A
269
12
Q
Non-covalent attraction between hydrogen and and electronegative atom. (Links H2O to H2O)
A
Hydrogen bonds
13
Q
Electrons are shared equally in this because the two atoms have same electronegativity? (Links Hydrogen to Oxygen)
A
Covalent bonds
14
Q
What is the resistance of the surface of a liquid to stretching or breaking?
A
Surface tension
15
Q
What is clinging of one substance to another called?
A
Adhesion
16
Q
What is it called when Hydrogen bonds hold a substance together?
A
Cohesion
17
Q
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 10 degrees Celsius
A
High specific heat
High temperature changes quicker with heat
18
Q
co-
A
with or together with
19
Q
non-
A
not
20
Q
quad- (or quat-)
A
four
21
Q
iso-
A
equal
22
Q
tri-
A
three
23
Q
prim-
A
first
24
Q
anti-
A
against
25
mono-
single
26
poly-
many
27
di-
two
28
ad-
to
29
-lysis
loosening, split apart
30
proto-
first
31
hydro-
water
32
-phob
to fear
33
neutr-
of neither gender or type
34
de-
from, out of, remove
35
lip-
fat
36
-phil
to love
37
A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as what?
Carbohydrate
38
Because it can be split into two monosaccharides, Lactose, the sugar in milk is what?
A Disaccharide
39
A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is what?
Polysaccharide
40
Can a monosaccharide be hydrolyzed any further?
No
41
Name the four levels of structure in proteins
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
42
Which axis of a graph (X or Y) is usually the dependent variable?
Y axis
43
What are the functions of smooth ER?
Lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage, and poison detoxification
44
What is the main function of rough ER?
Protein synthesis
45
What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
Protein modification and sorting, and cisternal maturation
46
What are the functions of lysosomes?
Macromolecule digestion, and autophagy
47
What are three proteins synthesized by bound ribosomes?
Insulin, ER protein, and lysosomal enzyme
48
What path does a secretory protein take from synthesis to secretion? (5 steps)
ER, cis Golgi, medial Golgi, trans Golgi, Plasma Membrane
49
What 3 organelles are found only in a plant cell?
Chloroplast, cellulose cell wall, and central vacuole
50
What organelle can only be found in an animal cell?
Centriole
51
Which 6 organelles are found in both Plant and Animal cells?
Mitochondrian, ER, Golgi, cytoskeleton, nucleus, plasma membrane
52
What is the plant cell wall?
Strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils
53
What is the function of a central vacuole?
Regulates cytoplasm composition, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds
54
What is the function of chloroplast?
Makes sugar by converting light energy into chemical energy. Contains chlorophyll
55
What is the function of a mitochondrian?
Produces chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell
56
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies and packages proteins
57
What is the function of the Nucleolus?
Assembles ribosomes
58
Which cell structure is only found in prokaryotic cells?
Nucleoid
59
What 3 cell structures are found in Eukaryotic cells only?
Nucleolus, Mitochondria, Lysosome
60
What 3 cell structures are found in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells?
Plasma membrane, Flagella, and Ribosomes
61
In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are called?
Microtubules
62
What is responsible for cell locomotion and the cell's structural characteristics?
Microfilaments
63
What are the rope-like structures that anchor organelles and intercellular junctions called desmosomes? They are also specialized for bearing tension.
Intermediate Filaments
64
What happens when a cell is placed in an isotonic solution?
Nothing happens to the cell because water moves into the cell at the same rate that it moves out of the cell.
65
What happens if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
Water will flow into the cell, causing it to swell (and possibly burst).
66
What happens if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
Water will flow out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
67
An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink in a process called what?
Crenation
68
An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell and potentially burst in a process called what?
Hemolysis
69
What molecules can easily cross the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
Small, hydrophobic nonpolar molecules
70
Which 4 molecules can cross the lipid bilayer of a membrane directly, without a transport protein or other mechanism?
Lipids, Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide
71
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
Smooth ER
72
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing what molecule?
Proteins
73
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
Lysosome
74
The movement of the hydrophobic gas nitrous oxide (N2O) (laughing gas) into a cell is an example of which type of transport?
Diffusion across the lipid bilayer
75
Which transport requires energy and moves up a concentration gradient?
Active Transport (Sodium Potassium Pump)
76
What transport moves things or secretes them out of the cell? Such as viruses
Exocytosis
77
Which transport takes in particles and makes the plasma membrane pinch in?
Endocytosis
78
Does Passive Transport move Up or Down a concentration gradient?
Down
79
What are two kinds of Passive Transport?
Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis
80
A hypotonic solution does what to the cell?
Swells, or bursts
81
A hypertonic solution does what to a cell?
Shrinks, or shrivels
82
Which transport moves water molecules from high to low concentration?
Osmosis
83
Does Diffusion require energy?
No
84
Fluid Mosaic Model is a description of which organelle?
Plasma Membrane
85
What is the plasma membrane made up of?
bi-layer phosolipids
86
Which organelle is selectively permeable?
Plasma Membrane
87
Chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions
Function Groups
88
Disassembles polymers to monomers. Process that is the reverse of dehydration reaction
Hydrolysis
89
Which biochemical test is used to find Carbs and simple sugars?
Benedict's Test
90
Which biochemical test is used to find starch?
Lugel's Test
91
Which biochemical test is used to find Lipids (Fats)
Sudan's Test
92
Which biochecmical test is used to find proteins?
Biuret's Test
93
What are the 4 most common compounds found in us?
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon
94
How do gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the plasma membrane?
Diffusion
95
What is the atomic number?
Number of protons
96
What is the atomic mass?
Number of protons + neutrons
97
What is a negatively charged ion?
Anion
98
What rule explains that there can only be 8 electrons in each ring (after the first one)
Octet Rule
99
What are valence electrons?
The electrons in the outermost ring
100
What are half-life isotopes?
Isotopes that continue to split in two until they are completely gone
101
Any substance that has an affinity for water
Hydrophilic
102
Any substance that repels water
Hydrophobic
103
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Base
104
What are the 4 Organic Compounds?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
105
Does A link to T, G, or C?
T
106
Does G link to A, T, or C?
C
107
What are the building blocks of Carbs?
Simple sugars, monosaccharides
108
What are the building blocks of Proteins?
Amino acids
109
What are the building blocks of Lipids?
Fats: Fatty acids and Glycerol
110
What are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids?
Nucleotides
111
What is Carbohydrates main function?
First source of energy
112
What are Proteins functions?
Defense, storage, transport, movement, and structural support
113
What are Lipids functions?
Energy Storage
114
What are Nucleic Acids functions?
DNA and RNA
115
Glucose, plant cell walls, chitin, glycogen, and cellulose are biological examples of which organic compound?
Carbohydrates
116
Enzymes, nails, and hoofs are biological examples of which organic compound?
Proteins
117
Fats, steroids, triaglycerol, saturated and unsaturated fats are biological examples of which organic compound?
Lipids
118
What does DNA do?
Stores information for cells
119
What does RNA do?
Protein synthesis
120
Region between nucleus and plasma membrane (Interior)
Cytoplasm
121
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
122
Function of nucleus?
Controls DNA for all cell information, and contains hereditary material
123
What is the function of the Nucleolus?
Production of ribosomes
124
Double membrane enclosing the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
125
What allows particles to move into the nucleus?
Nuclear Pores
126
What is the material consisting of DNA, chromosomes, and proteins?
Chromatin
127
--OH
Hydroxyl group
128
--COOH
Carboxyl group
129
--NH2
Amino group
130
--OPO3
Phosphate group
131
What is the function of a vacuole?
Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, plant cell growth and protection
132
What is chloroplasts function?
Photosynthesis
133
What two components are found in the phospholipid bi-layer of the plasma membrance?
Proteins, and cholesterol
134
Is the head of a phospholipid Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
135
Is the tail of a phospholipid Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
136
What links amino acids together?
Peptide Bonds
137
What is dehydration synthesis?
The combination of HO and O particles to form a new water molecule
