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Biology > Biology Test: 2 > Flashcards

Biology Test: 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Base, sugar, phosphate

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2
Q

How do bases pair in DNA?

A

A-T
C-G

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3
Q

How do bases pair in RNA?

A

A-U
C-G

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4
Q

During translation, how many bases are needed for each amino acid that is formed?

A

3

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5
Q

How many codons for each Amino Acid?

A

3 codons make 3 A.A

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6
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Change in an organism’s DNA, random

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7
Q

show homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive,
heterozygous.

A

homozygous dominant -TT
homozygous recessive -tt
heterozygous -Tt

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8
Q

What is a Punnett Square?

A

Graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross

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9
Q

A homozygous dominant (BB)
heterozygous(Bb) in a monohybrid cross.

A

Cross

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10
Q

Science of heredity and of the
mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring

A

Genetics - Mendel

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11
Q

an organism’s appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism’s genotype and the environment

A

Phenotype

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12
Q

The entire genetic makeup of an
organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits

A

Genotype

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13
Q

Define homozygous

A

Describes an individual that has
identical alleles for a trait on both
homologous chromosomes

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14
Q

The X and Y are called
___________ chromosomes.

A

Sex

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15
Q

A female is _________ and a male
is ________.

A

A female is XX and a
the male is XY.

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16
Q

Which parents determine the sex of the child? Why?

A

Father
The male can contribute to both the X or Y chromosome to combine with the X
donated by the female.

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17
Q

How does a person get Down syndrome?

A

There is an extra chromosome on the 21st pair for a total of 47 Chromosomes.

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18
Q

If both parents are carriers of cystic fibrosis, what percent chance does their children have of inheriting the disorder?

A

25%
Cc x Cc

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19
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A graphic display that shows an
individual’s chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs and in diminishing size.

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20
Q

Define DNA fingerprint

A

A pattern of dark bands on photographic film that results when an individual’s DNA
fragments are separated.

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21
Q

Where is the hereditary information that is passed from generation to generation located?

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

List the four phenotypes for blood
types and the possible genotypes for each one.

A

A, B, AB, & O
type A =AA or AO
type B =BB or BO
type AB =AB
type O =OO

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23
Q

What islands did Darwin visit that
gave him most of his evidence for his ideas on evolution?

A

Galapagos Islands

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24
Q

What did Darwin believe about the
finches’ ancestry that he studied on the various islands?

A

The finches had a common ancestor

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25
Q

According to Darwin, what is
the mechanism for evolution?

A

Natural selection

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26
Q

When very different organisms
share similar body structures, what does the similarity show about the organisms?

A

They had a common ancestor

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27
Q

What is a vestigial structure and give an example?

A

A structure in an organism that is reduced in size and function that may have had a function in ancestors. Human tailbone, pelvic bone in whales,
human appendix.

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28
Q

The process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves a
population’s ability to survive

A

Adaptation

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29
Q

The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully
than less well adapted individuals do; a theory to explain the mechanism of evolution

A

Natural selection

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30
Q

Anatomical structures that share
a common ancestry (different
function)

A

Homologous structures

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31
Q

What is it called when there is a
reduction in population size and change of gene frequency due to a catastrophic storm
or disease?

A

The bottleneck effect

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32
Q

Why do male peacocks have
bright colored plumage?

A

To attract a mate

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33
Q

The movement of alleles
between populations

A

Gene flow

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34
Q

A change in a gene pool due to
chance

A

Genetic Drift

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35
Q

The total collection of genes in a
population at any one time

A

Gene pool

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36
Q

Measure of how common a certain allele is in the population.

A

Allele frequency

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37
Q

Why are mutations important?

A

They help increase genetic
diversity/variability in a population for survival.

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38
Q

List the biological hierarchy,
from kingdom to species, in order.

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species.

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39
Q

What happens to animals as they go down the classification groups? Do they get more related or less related?

A

They become more similar, they look more alike, they share more dna, & they get MORE related. More specific and
less inclusive

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40
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name. (2 names)

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41
Q

Every living thing is given a 2
part scientific name. What does the first part represent? the second part?

A

1st part is genus 2nd part is species

42
Q

What language is used in
naming organisms and why?

A

Latin is used because it is a dead
language and the meaning won’t
change

43
Q

What are the rules for writing
scientific names?

A

Genus - first letter is capitalized; Species -all lower case
Use italics (typing) or underline
(handwriting) It is ok to abbreviate the genus. ex: E. coli

44
Q

What is the scientific name for
humans?

A

Homo sapiens
H. sapiens

45
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of describing, naming,
and classifying organisms

46
Q

State the chemical equation for
photosynthesis?

A

(sunlight) + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

47
Q

Which gas is given off from a plant
during photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

48
Q

In what organelle of a plant cell
does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplast

49
Q

Why do plants perform both
photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Plants have both chloroplasts
and mitochondria

50
Q

Mechanism of Evolution when populations migrate

A

Gene Flow

51
Q

Aa is

A

Heterozygous

52
Q

A change in a gene due to damage or incorrect copying is called:

A

Mutation

53
Q

Genotype is:

A

Actual Genes of an organism

54
Q

Phenotype is:

A

Physical Appearance of an organism

55
Q

In general, what is responsible for making a human a boy or a girl?

A

If the male sperm is carrying an X or a Y chromosome.

56
Q

What increases genetic variation when animals move from one population to another

A

Gene Flow

57
Q

“Survival of the Fittest” describes which theory

A

Natural Selection

58
Q

The scientific study of heredity is called:

A

Genetics

59
Q

Photograph of chromosomes grouped in ordered pairs

A

Karyotype

60
Q

Which sequence of DNA bases would pair with this partial strand
ATG TGA CAG

A

TAC ACT GTC

61
Q

I have 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome. What am I?

A

Male

62
Q

In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of Adenine present is always equal to the amount of…

A

Thymine

63
Q

If a heterozygous parent and a homozygous recessive parent mate, what percentage of their offspring will be dominant?

A

50%

64
Q

The genotype “ff” is…

A

Homozygous Recessive

65
Q

n : haploid :: 2n :

A

Diploid

66
Q

The haploid number (sex cells) of human chromosomes is…

A

23

67
Q

Aa, DD, bB, yy are all examples of

A

Genotypes

68
Q

The diploid number of human chromosomes is

A

46

69
Q

Two brown eyed parents (Bb) have a baby. What is the chance the baby is blue eyed?

A

25%

70
Q

I have 2 X chromosomes. What am I?

A

Female

71
Q

Aa is:

A

Heterozygous (hybrid)

72
Q

Heterozygous is when…

A

The alleles are different

73
Q

Why do plants conduct photosynthesis?

A

To make Glucose

74
Q

Is DNA single or double stranded?

A

Double Helix

75
Q

Is RNA single or double stranded?

A

Single Stranded

76
Q

aa is always:

A

Recessive

77
Q

Which organelle is responsible making food (Glucose) using sunlight?

A

Chloroplast

78
Q

What increases genetic variation when animals move from one population to another?

A

Gene Flow

79
Q

Which blood type is the universal donor (all people can receive it)?

A

O

80
Q

What is the phenotype of a person with the genotype AO?

A

Type A

81
Q

Guanine bonds with ______________.

A

Cytosine

82
Q

Natural selection is the process by which…

A

Organisms with traits that help them survive in their environment live longer and reproduce more successfully

83
Q

What did Charles Darwin observe in finch populations of the Galapagos Islands off the coast of South America?

A

Different species on different islands

84
Q

Identify the genotype for females.

A

XX

85
Q

What it looks like, or the physical appearance.

A

Phenotype

86
Q

Show the gases that enter and exit plants during photosynthesis

A

Enter: Carbon dioxide
Exit: Oxygen

87
Q

The genotype “TT” is ___

A

Homozygous

88
Q

The heredity information passed from generation to generation is primarily carried by…

A

Chromosomes

89
Q

Which of the following units are repeatedly joined together to form a strand of DNA?

A

Nucleotides

90
Q

The movement of alleles into or out of a population

A

Gene Flow

91
Q

If two parents are heterozygous for type A blood, what is the probability that their offspring would have type O blood?

A

25%

92
Q

Complex molecule that carries genetic information that defines an organism’s traits. It is stored in the nucleus.

A

DNA

93
Q

To adjust to a changing environment

A

Adapt

94
Q

Sex chromosomes of a male:

A

XY

95
Q

If one parent is AA and the other parent is aa, all their children must be…

A

Aa

96
Q

Genetic drift is change in the allele frequency of a population due to…

A

Random Chance

97
Q

In plants, tall (T) is dominant to short (t). Perform the following cross: Tt x Tt. What is the probability of producing a short plant?

A

25%

98
Q

AA is:

A

Homozygous Dominant

99
Q

Formula for cellular respiration:

A

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

100
Q

Does DNA or RNA have ribose sugar?

A

RNA

Biology (4 decks)

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