Biology Test: 2 Flashcards
What makes up a nucleotide?
Base, sugar, phosphate
How do bases pair in DNA?
A-T
C-G
How do bases pair in RNA?
A-U
C-G
During translation, how many bases are needed for each amino acid that is formed?
3
How many codons for each Amino Acid?
3 codons make 3 A.A
What is a mutation?
Change in an organism’s DNA, random
show homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive,
heterozygous.
homozygous dominant -TT
homozygous recessive -tt
heterozygous -Tt
What is a Punnett Square?
Graphic used to predict the results of a genetic cross
A homozygous dominant (BB)
heterozygous(Bb) in a monohybrid cross.
Cross
Science of heredity and of the
mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring
Genetics - Mendel
an organism’s appearance or other detectable characteristic that results from the organism’s genotype and the environment
Phenotype
The entire genetic makeup of an
organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits
Genotype
Define homozygous
Describes an individual that has
identical alleles for a trait on both
homologous chromosomes
The X and Y are called
___________ chromosomes.
Sex
A female is _________ and a male
is ________.
A female is XX and a
the male is XY.
Which parents determine the sex of the child? Why?
Father
The male can contribute to both the X or Y chromosome to combine with the X
donated by the female.
How does a person get Down syndrome?
There is an extra chromosome on the 21st pair for a total of 47 Chromosomes.
If both parents are carriers of cystic fibrosis, what percent chance does their children have of inheriting the disorder?
25%
Cc x Cc
What is a karyotype?
A graphic display that shows an
individual’s chromosomes are arranged in homologous pairs and in diminishing size.
Define DNA fingerprint
A pattern of dark bands on photographic film that results when an individual’s DNA
fragments are separated.
Where is the hereditary information that is passed from generation to generation located?
Chromosomes
List the four phenotypes for blood
types and the possible genotypes for each one.
A, B, AB, & O
type A =AA or AO
type B =BB or BO
type AB =AB
type O =OO
What islands did Darwin visit that
gave him most of his evidence for his ideas on evolution?
Galapagos Islands
What did Darwin believe about the
finches’ ancestry that he studied on the various islands?
The finches had a common ancestor
According to Darwin, what is
the mechanism for evolution?
Natural selection
When very different organisms
share similar body structures, what does the similarity show about the organisms?
They had a common ancestor
What is a vestigial structure and give an example?
A structure in an organism that is reduced in size and function that may have had a function in ancestors. Human tailbone, pelvic bone in whales,
human appendix.
The process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves a
population’s ability to survive
Adaptation
The process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully
than less well adapted individuals do; a theory to explain the mechanism of evolution
Natural selection
Anatomical structures that share
a common ancestry (different
function)
Homologous structures
What is it called when there is a
reduction in population size and change of gene frequency due to a catastrophic storm
or disease?
The bottleneck effect
Why do male peacocks have
bright colored plumage?
To attract a mate
The movement of alleles
between populations
Gene flow
A change in a gene pool due to
chance
Genetic Drift
The total collection of genes in a
population at any one time
Gene pool
Measure of how common a certain allele is in the population.
Allele frequency
Why are mutations important?
They help increase genetic
diversity/variability in a population for survival.
List the biological hierarchy,
from kingdom to species, in order.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class,
Order, Family, Genus, species.
What happens to animals as they go down the classification groups? Do they get more related or less related?
They become more similar, they look more alike, they share more dna, & they get MORE related. More specific and
less inclusive
What is binomial nomenclature?
A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name. (2 names)
Every living thing is given a 2
part scientific name. What does the first part represent? the second part?
1st part is genus 2nd part is species
What language is used in
naming organisms and why?
Latin is used because it is a dead
language and the meaning won’t
change
What are the rules for writing
scientific names?
Genus - first letter is capitalized; Species -all lower case
Use italics (typing) or underline
(handwriting) It is ok to abbreviate the genus. ex: E. coli
What is the scientific name for
humans?
Homo sapiens
H. sapiens
What is taxonomy?
The science of describing, naming,
and classifying organisms
State the chemical equation for
photosynthesis?
(sunlight) + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Which gas is given off from a plant
during photosynthesis?
Oxygen
In what organelle of a plant cell
does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
Why do plants perform both
photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Plants have both chloroplasts
and mitochondria
Mechanism of Evolution when populations migrate
Gene Flow
Aa is
Heterozygous
A change in a gene due to damage or incorrect copying is called:
Mutation
Genotype is:
Actual Genes of an organism
Phenotype is:
Physical Appearance of an organism
In general, what is responsible for making a human a boy or a girl?
If the male sperm is carrying an X or a Y chromosome.
What increases genetic variation when animals move from one population to another
Gene Flow
“Survival of the Fittest” describes which theory
Natural Selection
The scientific study of heredity is called:
Genetics
Photograph of chromosomes grouped in ordered pairs
Karyotype
Which sequence of DNA bases would pair with this partial strand
ATG TGA CAG
TAC ACT GTC
I have 1 X chromosome and 1 Y chromosome. What am I?
Male
In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of Adenine present is always equal to the amount of…
Thymine
If a heterozygous parent and a homozygous recessive parent mate, what percentage of their offspring will be dominant?
50%
The genotype “ff” is…
Homozygous Recessive
n : haploid :: 2n :
Diploid
The haploid number (sex cells) of human chromosomes is…
23
Aa, DD, bB, yy are all examples of
Genotypes
The diploid number of human chromosomes is
46
Two brown eyed parents (Bb) have a baby. What is the chance the baby is blue eyed?
25%
I have 2 X chromosomes. What am I?
Female
Aa is:
Heterozygous (hybrid)
Heterozygous is when…
The alleles are different
Why do plants conduct photosynthesis?
To make Glucose
Is DNA single or double stranded?
Double Helix
Is RNA single or double stranded?
Single Stranded
aa is always:
Recessive
Which organelle is responsible making food (Glucose) using sunlight?
Chloroplast
What increases genetic variation when animals move from one population to another?
Gene Flow
Which blood type is the universal donor (all people can receive it)?
O
What is the phenotype of a person with the genotype AO?
Type A
Guanine bonds with ______________.
Cytosine
Natural selection is the process by which…
Organisms with traits that help them survive in their environment live longer and reproduce more successfully
What did Charles Darwin observe in finch populations of the Galapagos Islands off the coast of South America?
Different species on different islands
Identify the genotype for females.
XX
What it looks like, or the physical appearance.
Phenotype
Show the gases that enter and exit plants during photosynthesis
Enter: Carbon dioxide
Exit: Oxygen
The genotype “TT” is ___
Homozygous
The heredity information passed from generation to generation is primarily carried by…
Chromosomes
Which of the following units are repeatedly joined together to form a strand of DNA?
Nucleotides
The movement of alleles into or out of a population
Gene Flow
If two parents are heterozygous for type A blood, what is the probability that their offspring would have type O blood?
25%
Complex molecule that carries genetic information that defines an organism’s traits. It is stored in the nucleus.
DNA
To adjust to a changing environment
Adapt
Sex chromosomes of a male:
XY
If one parent is AA and the other parent is aa, all their children must be…
Aa
Genetic drift is change in the allele frequency of a population due to…
Random Chance
In plants, tall (T) is dominant to short (t). Perform the following cross: Tt x Tt. What is the probability of producing a short plant?
25%
AA is:
Homozygous Dominant
Formula for cellular respiration:
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP
Does DNA or RNA have ribose sugar?
RNA
