Biology test #2

Question 1

All cells have:

Answer 1

Plasma membrane, semifluid substance (cytosol), genetic material (chromosomes & DNA), & ribosomes

Question 2

Compare and Contrast the structures of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

Prokaryotic cell structure has bacterial chromosomes, nucleoid, Ribosomes, plasma membrane cell wall, glycocalyx, and some have fimbriea and/or flagella. Eukaryotic cell structure has DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane, membrane-bound organelles, and cytoplasm in the regions between the plasma membrane and nucleus

Question 3

Bacterial Chromosomes

Answer 3

Bacterial Chromosomes

Question 4

Nucleoid

Answer 4

contains the bacterial chromosomes (the genetic makeup)

Question 5

Cell wall

Answer 5

A rigid structure that surrounds the plasma membrane and provides support to the cell

Question 6

Glycocalyx

Answer 6

a bacterial capsule that protects the prokaryote

Question 7

Fimbriae

Answer 7

finger or fringe like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes

Question 8

Flagella

Answer 8

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility

Question 9

Plasma Membrane

Answer 9

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Question 10

vesicles

Answer 10

small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell

Question 11

Exocytosis

Answer 11

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Question 12

Endocytosis

Answer 12

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

Question 13

Membrane proteins

Answer 13

Embedded proteins that perform specific functions for the cell membrane.

Question 14

Peripheral proteins

Answer 14

a protein loosely bond to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer

Question 15

Integral proteins (transmembrane protein)

Answer 15

a transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with both hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein)

Question 16

Factors that affect Membrane fluidity

Answer 16

Temperature (Cools, membrane becomes less fluid; Heats up, membrane becomes more fluid), Phospholipids (more saturated fatty acids decrease fluidity, due to saturated tails being packed close together; more unsaturated fatty acids increases fluidity, due to kink in unsaturated tails that prevents packing together), and Cholesterol (moderates shifts in fluidity depending on temp; reduces phospholipid movement, but hinders solidification at low temps by disrupting packing)

Question 17

How do hydrophobic (non polar) molecules pass through the plasma membrane?

Answer 17

they dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly

Question 18

Diffusion

Answer 18

the movement of particles of any substance so that they spread out into the available space

Question 19

Osmosis

Answer 19

the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane; artificial or cellular

Question 20

concentration gradient

Answer 20

the region along which density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

Question 21

Tonicity

Answer 21

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Question 22

Isotonic

Answer 22

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell

Question 23

how does isotonic affect an animal blood cell?

Answer 23

The blood cell is flat and normal

Question 24

how does isotonic affect a plant cell?

Answer 24

the plant cell becomes flaccid/limp

Question 25

Hypotonic

Answer 25

referring to a solution, that when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water

Question 26

how does hypotonic affect an animal blood cell?

Answer 26

the blood cell becomes lysed/swollen and bursts

Question 27

how does hypotonic affect a plant cell?

Answer 27

the plant cell becomes turgid/swollen and is normal

Question 28

Hypertonic

Answer 28

referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to lose water

Question 29

how does hypertonic affect an animal blood cell?

Answer 29

the blood cell becomes shriveled and creates spikes on the outside

Question 30

how does hypertonic affect a plant cell?

Answer 30

the plant cell's plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall shriveling the cytoplasm/plasmolyse

Question 31

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 31

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Question 32

Channel proteins

Answer 32

provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane

Question 33

Carrier Proteins

Answer 33

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane; hold on to their passengers shape and change shape in a way that shuttles them across the membrane

Question 34

Passive transport

Answer 34

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

Question 35

which systems are apart of passive transport?

Answer 35

Diffusion and Facilitated diffusion

Question 36

Active Transport

Answer 36

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Question 37

which systems are apart of active transport?

Answer 37

ATP/glucose (Kreb's cycle)

Question 38

Bulk transport

Answer 38

The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. Inc. exocytosis and endocytosis

Question 39

Nucleus

Answer 39

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Question 40

Nuclear envelope

Answer 40

layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

Question 41

Ribosomes

Answer 41

site of protein synthesis

Question 42

Cytoplasm

Answer 42

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

Question 43

Smooth ER

Answer 43

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

Question 44

Rough ER

Answer 44

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

Question 45

Golgi apparatus

Answer 45

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Question 46

Vacuoles

Answer 46

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

Question 47

Lysosomes

Answer 47

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

Question 48

Mitochondria

Answer 48

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Question 49

Endomembrane system

Answer 49

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

Question 50

Chloroplats

Answer 50

It is only found in Plant cells and is the site of photosynthesis.

Question 51

Compare and Contrast animal cells to plant cells

Answer 51

Differences: plant cells have a cell wall but animal cells don't. . Other answers: Plant cells have large vacuole, animal cells don't; plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, animal cells don't. Similarities: Both have mitochondria for cellular respiration and produce ATP. Both are eukaryotes. Both have Plasma membrane,Nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 52

Light Microscope

Answer 52

visible light passes through specimen; then light goes through lenses that refract (bend) the light so image is magnified (max is about 1,000 times size for LM)

Question 53

Magnification

Answer 53

size of the object the you are seeing vs. the actual size of the organism

Question 54

Resolution

Answer 54

clarity; how sharp and clear the image is

Question 55

Contrast

Answer 55

colorized image to see more detail

Question 56

Electron Microscopes

Answer 56

used to study subcellular structures

Question 57

Scanning electron Microscopes

Answer 57

focuses a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

Question 58

Transmission electron microscopes

Answer 58

focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen to study the internal structure of a cell