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Biology Test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Elements

A

Pure Substance

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2
Q

Hydrogen

A

H2

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3
Q

Oxygen

A

02

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4
Q

Nitrogen

A

N2

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5
Q

Carbon

A

C

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6
Q

How are compounds created?

A

2 or more elements bond together to create something new

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7
Q

Organic compounds

A

Contains carbon and hydrogen

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8
Q

carbs, fats, proteins

A

organic

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9
Q

Inorganic compound

A

Lacks hydrogen and carbon

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10
Q

Nucleic acids

A

store and transmit heredity

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11
Q

Protein

A

Build/repair muscles

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12
Q

Lipid/fat

A

Source of stored energy

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13
Q

Carbs

A

Quick source of energy

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14
Q

Macromolecule is also know as,..

A

A polymer

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15
Q

Polymers are made of..

A

Monomers

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16
Q

Monomers are like..

A

Lego bricks!

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17
Q

Polymers are like…

A

Lego chains!

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18
Q

Most large molecules in living things are

A

Polymers (macromolecules)

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19
Q

Digestion

A

You eat polymers and break them down into monomers to rebuild strictures in your body

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20
Q

How to make polymers from monomers?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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21
Q

Synthesis

A

Make something or put it together

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22
Q

When 2 monomers join to make a polymer..

A

Water is released

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23
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose + water

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24
Q

How to break down polymers/monomers?

A

Hydrolysis

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25
Q

Complex polymers are broken down into monomers by..

A

By the addition of water

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26
Q

Carbs can range from..

A

Simple sugars to monosaccharides to large polysaccharides

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27
Q

Function for carbs?

A

Energy, Structures of cell walls

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28
Q

Monosaccharides are the ____ of carbohydrates

A

monomers

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29
Q

Simple sugars are the ______ for cellular work

A

fuel

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30
Q

Cells link 2 simple sugars to form..

A

disaccharides

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31
Q

What type of reaction is used to from disaccharides?

A

Dehydration Synthesis

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32
Q

Four Polysaccharides?

A
  1. starch
  2. glycogen
  3. cellulose
  4. chitin
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33
Q

Starch

A

Found in plants, stores excess glucose / humans and plants use it for energy

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34
Q

Glycogen

A

Found in animals, stores excess glucose in the liver

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35
Q

Cellulose

A

Found in plants, structure of cell walls, humans can not digest

36
Q

Chitin

A

Found in fungus anthropoids, structure of cell wall and exoskeleton/ the only carb that contains nitrogen

37
Q

Lipids

A

Compounds that are largely composed of carbon and hydrogen

38
Q

Functions of the lipid

A
  1. Stored for long-term energy
  2. cell membrane structure
  3. some hormones
39
Q

Most lipids are…

A

triglycerides

40
Q

Triglyceride

A

A polymer mad from two monomers (three fatty acids linked to glycerol)

41
Q

What makes triglycerides?

A

Dehydration synthesis

42
Q

What breaks down triglycerides?

A

Hydrolysis

43
Q

Two main types of fatty acids

A

Saturated and Unsaturated

44
Q

>

A

saturated

45
Q

> ——— (down) =——–

A

unsaturated

46
Q

saturated

A

solid at room temp - animal fats

47
Q

unsaturated

A

liquid at room temp - plant fats

48
Q

phospholipide is a

A

lipid - wax

49
Q

Protein functions

A
  1. structure
  2. hormones
  3. antibodies
  4. pigments
  5. enzymes
50
Q

Monomers of proteins

A

Animno acids

51
Q

Each amino acid contains

A
  1. an amino group
  2. a carboxyl group
  3. An r group (20 different ones)
52
Q

Element in protein that is not in carbs or lipids?

A

Nitrogen

53
Q

when amino acids combine they form polymers known as

A

polypeptides

54
Q

Bonds between 2 amino acids is

A

peptide bonds

55
Q

shape of a protein determines its..

A

function

56
Q

structures are formed by moving through different levels of construction..

A

primary;secondary;tertiary;quaternary

57
Q

When a protein denatures..

A

it loses its specific function because it unravels and loses structures

58
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  1. determines your traits
  2. the sequence of nucleotides determines the sequence of amino acids and proteins
    - “recipe book”
59
Q

Monomers of nucleic acids are known as

A

Nucleotides

60
Q

Nucleotides are composed of

A

sugar; phosphate; nitrogen base

61
Q

polymers of nucleotides

A

nucleic acids and polynucleotides

62
Q

Life’s building blocks?

A

Organic molecules

63
Q

The four biomolecules?

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
64
Q

What determines how an organic molecule looks and behaves?

A

Shape and orderr

65
Q

4 common characteristics of organic molecules?

A
  1. All carbon based
  2. Formed by very few elements
  3. Formed by a single building block
  4. Form determines function
66
Q

Carb elements?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

67
Q

A polysaccharide - how many monomers?

A

2 or more

68
Q

disaccharides - how many monomers?

A

just 2

69
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

A bond is made or broken

70
Q

Energy is released or absorbed when..

A

A bond is broken or made

71
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy needed to start a reaction

72
Q

Chemical reactions that release energy happen..

A

spontaneously and alone

73
Q

Chemical reactions that absorb energy happen..

A

With an acquired source

74
Q

Enzymes do what?

A

speed up chemical reactions and decrease amount of energy needed

75
Q

Enzymes are affected by..

A

temp, pH, and amount of substrate

76
Q

Substrate

A

Material broken down by an enzyme

77
Q

An enzyme is highly..

A

Specific, only breaks down specific substrates

78
Q

Once an enzyme is attached to a substrate..

A

The substrate will break in two

79
Q

Acid 1-6

A

weak

80
Q

Acid 7

A

nerutral

81
Q

Acid 8-14

A

strong

82
Q

Buffers

A

Added to strong acid bases to prevent sudden sharp changes in pH - pH maintenance is critical to have homeostasis

83
Q

Enzymes belong to compound proteins called?

A

catalysts (enzymes end in -ase)

84
Q

Lemon juice on fruit can

A

slow enzyme reaction

85
Q

Synthesis

A

simple materials combines to form complex materials

86
Q

peptide bond

A

that connecting bar thingy

Biology (1 decks)

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