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Biology Test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is biology

A

study of living things

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2
Q

What are the six categories of living things kingdoms

A

animal, plants, fungi, bacteria, protista, and archaea

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3
Q

What is taxonomy

A

classifying living things

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4
Q

What is anatomy

A

specialization of parts of an organism

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5
Q

What is cytology

A

specialization of cells

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6
Q

What is physiology

A

functions of the parts of an organism

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7
Q

What is zoology

A

specialization of animals

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8
Q

What is botany

A

specialization of plants

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9
Q

What characteristics must living things have

A

composed of cells, require energy, grow, respond to the environment, have a limited life span, produce waste, produce offspring, evolve

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10
Q

What is an exception to the characteristics living things must have

A

mules

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11
Q

What is cell theory

A

all living things are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic organizational unit of life, all cells come from previously existing cells, and the activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells

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12
Q

What is a simple light microscope

A

single handed lens, earliest type of microscope

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13
Q

What is a compound light microscope

A

contains 2 lenses, an eye piece, and objective lenses

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14
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope

A

uses an invisible beam of electrons to pass through an object, is capable of magnifying 5 000 000x

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15
Q

What is a scanning electron microscope

A

reflects electrons from the surface of a specimen allowing thicker specimens to be viewed, can magnify up to 300 000x

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16
Q

What are the types of microscopes

A

simple light microscope, compound light microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope

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17
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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18
Q

What do genes do

A

provides information to make proteins that make up your body

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19
Q

How many cells are needed to make a baby

A

50 trillion cells

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20
Q

What are the 4 chemicals of DNA

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of genes

A

dominant and recessive

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22
Q

Formula for total magnification

A

ocular lens power(10) x objective lens power (ie40)

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23
Q

Field of view formula for medium power

A

FVmp = FVlp (Mlp/Mmp)

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24
Q

Field of view formula for high power

A

FVhp = FVlp (Mlp/Mhp)

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25
Q

Formula for estimating size

A

estimated size = (FV/# of fit)

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26
Q

How do you find drawing magnification

A

dimensions of cell diagram/dimensions of actual cell

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27
Q

When is the cells in interphase

A

90 percent of its life

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28
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

when the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells

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29
Q

When does cytokinesis happen

A

at the end of mitosis

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30
Q

What is cell division called

A

mitosis

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31
Q

What is mitosis

A

when one parent cell divides into two new daughter cells

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32
Q

Why is mitosis important

A

it allows the body to grow and replace cells

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33
Q

What are stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that can produce various types of specialized cells

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34
Q

What is a pluripotent cell

A

a cell that can divide into more stem cells or form into different kinds of cells when it develops

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35
Q

Where are adult stem cells found

A

the bone marrow

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36
Q

What can embryonic stem cells be used for

A

have the potential for future research and medical treatment

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37
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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38
Q

Why is DNA important

A

it contains all the instructions needed for development, structure, and function of an organism

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39
Q

Where is DNA located

A

the nucleus

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40
Q

What does DNA do

A

determines what you look like and controls all the functions within cells in your body

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41
Q

What are the biological levels of organization

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

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42
Q

Where does the information in your DNA come from

A

your parents

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43
Q

What are sections of DNA called

A

genes

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44
Q

How many genes do humans have

A

25 000

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45
Q

What structure is DNA arranged into

A

double helix

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46
Q

What is DNA made up of

A

a pair of nucleotides (form the double helix)

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47
Q

What three parts are nucleotides made up of

A

a sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base

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48
Q

How many different types of nitrogenous bases are there

A

four

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49
Q

What can the nitrogenous bases be

A

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

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50
Q

What do the sugar phosphate component make up

A

“the backbone”

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51
Q

What do the nitrogenous bases pair up to make

A

“rungs on a ladder”

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52
Q

What does adenine always pair with

A

thymine

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53
Q

What is the acronym for the nitrogenous bases

A

GCAT

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54
Q

What does guanine always pair with

A

cytosine

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55
Q

What does the order of A,G,C, and T determine

A

what type of protein is produced

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56
Q

What is DNA replication

A

when cells make an exact copy of their DNA while preparing to divide

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57
Q

What is the cell cycle controlled by

A

tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes

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58
Q

What do tumor suppressor genes do

A

slow down the cell cycle

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59
Q

What do oncogenes do

A

speed up the cell cycle

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60
Q

How can tumors form

A

when a cell ignores instructions from the genes controlling the cell cycle, the unchecked growth can result in a tumor

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61
Q

How can cancer form

A

when DNA mutates

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62
Q

What is a mutation

A

a permanent change in the cells DNA

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63
Q

How does cancer spread

A

the mutations in the DNA causing the cancer are passed on to other cells during mitosis

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64
Q

Are all cell mutations bad

A

no

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65
Q

How do mutations come to be

A

they can be inherited, random, a result of exposure to environmental factors, a result of exposure from chemicals, viruses

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66
Q

Treatments for mutations may include

A

them being removed, chemotherapy, radiation

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67
Q

What are the two types of mutations/tumors

A

benign (non life threatening) and malignant/cancerous

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68
Q

Why are cancer cells different from normal cells

A

cancer cells continue to grow and divide instead of dying at the end

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69
Q

Why are benign tumors less threatening

A

don’t invade surrounding cells and don’t spread

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70
Q

When can benign tumors become life threatening

A

in the brain

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71
Q

How are cells normally found

A

stuck together

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72
Q

What type of tumor may push nearby cells out of the way

A

benign tumor

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73
Q

What type of tumor spreads quickly and spends little time in interphase

A

malignant tumor

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74
Q

Do cancer cells need to be in contact with other cells in order to divide

A

no, this allows them to spread to other parts more quickly and makes cancer hard to control

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75
Q

What is a difference between cancer cells and normal cells

A

cancer cells don’t become specialized, they use up energy but do not carry out the work of normal cells

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76
Q

What are the tissues found in humans

A

nerve tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue

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77
Q

What are the types of tissues found in plants

A

epidermal, ground, vascular tissues

78
Q

What does the epidermal tissue do

A

produces structures such as the cuticle, produces specialized cells such as root hairs

79
Q

What is ground tissue used for

A

storage, supporting the plant, and photosynthesis

80
Q

What is vascular tissue used for

A

provides transportation pathways for water and nutrients

81
Q

What are the organs of a plant

A

roots, stems, leaves

82
Q

What is the cuticle of a plant

A

clear coating protecting against water loss, infection, and restricts gas exchange

83
Q

What are root hairs used for

A

creates a greater surface area causing better absorption

84
Q

What are guard cells used for

A

controls gas exchange by opening and closing the stomata

85
Q

What are the types of ground tissue

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

86
Q

What does the parenchyma ground tissue do

A

storage and photosynthesis

87
Q

What do the collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue do

A

support

88
Q

What is vascular tissue

A

specialized tissue used for transporting material from one location to another

89
Q

What groups of tissue do vascular bundles contain

A

xylem and phloem

90
Q

What are the two types of roots

A

tap and fibrous

91
Q

What are the major roles of the roots

A

anchors the plant in the soil and holds the stem in place and provides nutrient transport

92
Q

How do roots help the soil

A

they prevent erosion

93
Q

What do tap roots look like

A

one large main root with small lateral roots (hairs)

94
Q

What do fibrous roots look like

A

many branched roots of equal size

95
Q

Which root type tends to go deeper into the ground

A

tap roots

96
Q

What are tap roots good at

A

storing food, water, and minerals

97
Q

Which type of root is better at preventing erosion

A

fibrous roots

98
Q

What are fibrous roots good at

A

absorbing lots of water quickly

99
Q

Why do roots absorb water

A

for photosynthesis and to maintain root pressure

100
Q

How do roots replace the water they lose

A

through transpiration

101
Q

What do roots dissolve

A

minerals

102
Q

How do roots store sugars

A

in the form of starch

103
Q

What is the root cap

A

a protective covering for the meristematic tissue

104
Q

What does the meristematic zone in the root contain

A

actively dividing stem cells (mitosis)

105
Q

What does the elongation zone in the root contain

A

cells that do not divide and instead elongate to push the root tip forward

106
Q

What does the maturation zone in the root contain

A

cells that develop into specialized cells

107
Q

How can you tell the maturation zone from the rest of the root

A

it has hair

108
Q

What do stems do in the plant

A

support the plant and transport water, minerals, and sugar

109
Q

How are all plant organs similar

A

they are all made up of different tissue layers

110
Q

What are the two major forms of the stem

A

herbaceous and woody

111
Q

What type of stem is annual

A

herbaceous

112
Q

What type of stem is perennial

A

woody

113
Q

What are characteristics of herbaceous stems

A

soft, flexible, and green

114
Q

Why are herbaceous stem plants annual

A

they must be planted from seed every growing season

115
Q

What are characteristics of woody stems

A

hard and dark

116
Q

How long can woody stem plants live

A

over 100 years

117
Q

What do woody stem plants contain

A

bark, vascular bundles, and vascular cambium

118
Q

What is bark for a woody stem plant

A

protective tissue (epidermal)

119
Q

What do vascular bundles do

A

transport water, minerals, and sugars

120
Q

What do vascular cambium create

A

annual rings inside the tree trunk

121
Q

What are the parts of the leaf

A

stomata, mesophyll, and vascular tissues

122
Q

What are the two types of mesophyll

A

palisade (upper) and spongy (lower)

123
Q

What do the stomata do

A

regulate the movement of water and gasses through the epidermis

124
Q

What are the mesophyll

A

photosynthetic tissue that the stomata open into

125
Q

What are palisade mesophyll

A

tall tightly packed cells filled with chloroplasts

126
Q

What are spongy mesophyll

A

irregular shaped cells separated by air spaces for storing gases

127
Q

What are vascular tissues

A

complex networks of vascular bundles or veins

128
Q

What do the veins in vascular bundles consist of

A

one strand of xylem (top) and one of phloem (bottom)

129
Q

Why are most leaves thin and broad

A

allows easier for gas exchange and so that photosynthetic parenchyma cells can reach sunlight

130
Q

What are inside parenchyma cells

A

high concentrations of chloroplasts

131
Q

What do chloroplasts do

A

responsible for conducting photosynthesis

132
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

the process that takes carbon dioxide from the air, water from the soil, and light energy from the sun to produce glucose and oxygen

133
Q

What are the sacs in chloroplasts called

A

thylakoids

134
Q

What are thylakoids called when stacked

A

granum

135
Q

What type of molecules are inside thylakoids

A

chlorophyll

136
Q

What do chlorophyll do

A

trap light

137
Q

How do chloroplasts increase the amount of light they capture

A

they change shape and or location

138
Q

What type of cell is best at storing food for a plant

A

parenchyma

139
Q

What organelle maintains pressure against the cell wall so the plant keeps it structure

A

central vacuole

140
Q

What is the plant cuticle made out of

A

epidermal cells

141
Q

What kind of tissue are the xylem and phloem

A

vascular tissue

142
Q

What does the meristem consist of

A

undifferentiated cells

143
Q

What is a membrane-bound, pigment containing organelle that conducts photosynthesis

A

the chloroplast

144
Q

What is the parenchyma made of

A

loosely packed cells with thin cells walls

145
Q

What type of tissue makes up most of the plants interior roots, stems, and leaves

A

ground tissue

146
Q

What is transpiration

A

the loss of water through the leaves of a plant

147
Q

What is the term used to describe the water’s ability to stick to surfaces

A

adhesion

148
Q

What is another term for “push from below” that describes the movement of water

A

root pressure

149
Q

How long does the digestive process take to complete

A

around 5 hours

150
Q

What is the extremely long tube system that makes up the digestive system in humans called

A

alimentary canal

151
Q

How many salivary glands do you have

A

3

152
Q

What does food mix with when being chewed

A

amylase (saliva enzyme)

153
Q

Which type of digestion occurs in the esophagus

A

none

154
Q

What does the esophagus secrete

A

mucin

155
Q

What is mucin

A

a lubricant that helps the food go to the stomach

156
Q

How much food can the stomach hold

A

1.5L

157
Q

How is food broken down in the stomach

A

churning (contractions of the muscular stomach walls) and is mixed with hydrochloric acid

158
Q

What does mucus do

A

covers the stomach lining to protect from stomach acid

159
Q

What is the duodenum

A

the first part of the small intestine

160
Q

What is food called when it is in the duodenum

A

chyme

161
Q

What happens when chyme reaches the duodenum

A

stimulates the production of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver

162
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

produces most of the enzymes needed for digestion as well as insulin and glucagon which regulates blood sugar level

163
Q

What does the liver do

A

produces bile

164
Q

What is bile

A

an emulsifying agent used in the physical digestion of fats

165
Q

What vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine

A

B and K which are produced by live bacteria

166
Q

Where does the digestive process begin

A

the mouth

167
Q

How long are the intestines of an average adult

A

8 meters

168
Q

How long does it take food to break down in the stomach

A

4 hours

169
Q

How long does it take food to move through the entire body

A

1-2 days

170
Q

What type of digestion occurs in the mouth

A

both chemical and physical

171
Q

What is the food we eat used for

A

creation of new cells, making molecules, energy

172
Q

Where is water absorbed in the digestive system

A

large intestine

173
Q

What type of digestion occurs in the stomach

A

both physical and chemical

174
Q

What does saliva help break down

A

carbohydrates

175
Q

What does bile help break down

A

fats

176
Q

What does saliva do

A

forms bolus, lubricates, helps taste

177
Q

Are animals, autotrophs, heterotrophs, or chemotrophs

A

heterotrophs

178
Q

Do animals that only eat meat have a more complex digestive system

A

no

179
Q

What is diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

180
Q

Why is diffusion important

A

plays an integral role in the movement of gasses in the respiratory system

181
Q

What are the forms of respiration

A

breathing, external respiration, circulation, internal respiration, cellular respiration

182
Q

What is external respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

183
Q

What is circulation

A

movement of dissolved gasses by the blood to form the body cells

184
Q

What is internal respiration

A

exchange of CO2 and O2 between blood and body cells

185
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

nutrients are broken down and released in the mitochondria of the cells

186
Q

Why do the lungs have thin walls

A

so diffusion can occur quickly

187
Q

Why are the lungs moist

A

so oxygen and carbon dioxide will dissolve

188
Q

What type of circulatory system do humans have

A

closed

189
Q

How many times does a human heart pump/beat on average

A

70/minute, 100 000 a day

190
Q

Coronary circulation

A

the route taken by the blood within the heart

191
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

the pathway of the blood from the heart to the lungs

192
Q

Systemic circulation

A

movement from the heart t the rest of the body

Grade 10 Science (4 decks)

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