Biology Test Flashcards
What is biology
study of living things
What are the six categories of living things kingdoms
animal, plants, fungi, bacteria, protista, and archaea
What is taxonomy
classifying living things
What is anatomy
specialization of parts of an organism
What is cytology
specialization of cells
What is physiology
functions of the parts of an organism
What is zoology
specialization of animals
What is botany
specialization of plants
What characteristics must living things have
composed of cells, require energy, grow, respond to the environment, have a limited life span, produce waste, produce offspring, evolve
What is an exception to the characteristics living things must have
mules
What is cell theory
all living things are composed of one or more cells, the cell is the basic organizational unit of life, all cells come from previously existing cells, and the activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells
What is a simple light microscope
single handed lens, earliest type of microscope
What is a compound light microscope
contains 2 lenses, an eye piece, and objective lenses
What is a transmission electron microscope
uses an invisible beam of electrons to pass through an object, is capable of magnifying 5 000 000x
What is a scanning electron microscope
reflects electrons from the surface of a specimen allowing thicker specimens to be viewed, can magnify up to 300 000x
What are the types of microscopes
simple light microscope, compound light microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope
What does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
What do genes do
provides information to make proteins that make up your body
How many cells are needed to make a baby
50 trillion cells
What are the 4 chemicals of DNA
adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
What are the 2 types of genes
dominant and recessive
Formula for total magnification
ocular lens power(10) x objective lens power (ie40)
Field of view formula for medium power
FVmp = FVlp (Mlp/Mmp)
Field of view formula for high power
FVhp = FVlp (Mlp/Mhp)
Formula for estimating size
estimated size = (FV/# of fit)
How do you find drawing magnification
dimensions of cell diagram/dimensions of actual cell
When is the cells in interphase
90 percent of its life
What is cytokinesis
when the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells
When does cytokinesis happen
at the end of mitosis
What is cell division called
mitosis
What is mitosis
when one parent cell divides into two new daughter cells
Why is mitosis important
it allows the body to grow and replace cells
What are stem cells
unspecialized cells that can produce various types of specialized cells
What is a pluripotent cell
a cell that can divide into more stem cells or form into different kinds of cells when it develops
Where are adult stem cells found
the bone marrow
What can embryonic stem cells be used for
have the potential for future research and medical treatment
What does DNA stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
Why is DNA important
it contains all the instructions needed for development, structure, and function of an organism
Where is DNA located
the nucleus
What does DNA do
determines what you look like and controls all the functions within cells in your body
What are the biological levels of organization
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Where does the information in your DNA come from
your parents
What are sections of DNA called
genes
How many genes do humans have
25 000
What structure is DNA arranged into
double helix
What is DNA made up of
a pair of nucleotides (form the double helix)
What three parts are nucleotides made up of
a sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base
How many different types of nitrogenous bases are there
four
What can the nitrogenous bases be
adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
What do the sugar phosphate component make up
“the backbone”
What do the nitrogenous bases pair up to make
“rungs on a ladder”
What does adenine always pair with
thymine
What is the acronym for the nitrogenous bases
GCAT
What does guanine always pair with
cytosine
What does the order of A,G,C, and T determine
what type of protein is produced
What is DNA replication
when cells make an exact copy of their DNA while preparing to divide
What is the cell cycle controlled by
tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes
What do tumor suppressor genes do
slow down the cell cycle
What do oncogenes do
speed up the cell cycle
How can tumors form
when a cell ignores instructions from the genes controlling the cell cycle, the unchecked growth can result in a tumor
How can cancer form
when DNA mutates
What is a mutation
a permanent change in the cells DNA
How does cancer spread
the mutations in the DNA causing the cancer are passed on to other cells during mitosis
Are all cell mutations bad
no
How do mutations come to be
they can be inherited, random, a result of exposure to environmental factors, a result of exposure from chemicals, viruses
Treatments for mutations may include
them being removed, chemotherapy, radiation
What are the two types of mutations/tumors
benign (non life threatening) and malignant/cancerous
Why are cancer cells different from normal cells
cancer cells continue to grow and divide instead of dying at the end
Why are benign tumors less threatening
don’t invade surrounding cells and don’t spread
When can benign tumors become life threatening
in the brain
How are cells normally found
stuck together
What type of tumor may push nearby cells out of the way
benign tumor
What type of tumor spreads quickly and spends little time in interphase
malignant tumor
Do cancer cells need to be in contact with other cells in order to divide
no, this allows them to spread to other parts more quickly and makes cancer hard to control
What is a difference between cancer cells and normal cells
cancer cells don’t become specialized, they use up energy but do not carry out the work of normal cells
What are the tissues found in humans
nerve tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue
What are the types of tissues found in plants
epidermal, ground, vascular tissues
What does the epidermal tissue do
produces structures such as the cuticle, produces specialized cells such as root hairs
What is ground tissue used for
storage, supporting the plant, and photosynthesis
What is vascular tissue used for
provides transportation pathways for water and nutrients
What are the organs of a plant
roots, stems, leaves
What is the cuticle of a plant
clear coating protecting against water loss, infection, and restricts gas exchange
What are root hairs used for
creates a greater surface area causing better absorption
What are guard cells used for
controls gas exchange by opening and closing the stomata
What are the types of ground tissue
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
What does the parenchyma ground tissue do
storage and photosynthesis
What do the collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissue do
support
What is vascular tissue
specialized tissue used for transporting material from one location to another
What groups of tissue do vascular bundles contain
xylem and phloem
What are the two types of roots
tap and fibrous
What are the major roles of the roots
anchors the plant in the soil and holds the stem in place and provides nutrient transport
How do roots help the soil
they prevent erosion
What do tap roots look like
one large main root with small lateral roots (hairs)
What do fibrous roots look like
many branched roots of equal size
Which root type tends to go deeper into the ground
tap roots
What are tap roots good at
storing food, water, and minerals
Which type of root is better at preventing erosion
fibrous roots
What are fibrous roots good at
absorbing lots of water quickly
Why do roots absorb water
for photosynthesis and to maintain root pressure
How do roots replace the water they lose
through transpiration
What do roots dissolve
minerals
How do roots store sugars
in the form of starch
What is the root cap
a protective covering for the meristematic tissue
What does the meristematic zone in the root contain
actively dividing stem cells (mitosis)
What does the elongation zone in the root contain
cells that do not divide and instead elongate to push the root tip forward
What does the maturation zone in the root contain
cells that develop into specialized cells
How can you tell the maturation zone from the rest of the root
it has hair
What do stems do in the plant
support the plant and transport water, minerals, and sugar
How are all plant organs similar
they are all made up of different tissue layers
What are the two major forms of the stem
herbaceous and woody
What type of stem is annual
herbaceous
What type of stem is perennial
woody
What are characteristics of herbaceous stems
soft, flexible, and green
Why are herbaceous stem plants annual
they must be planted from seed every growing season
What are characteristics of woody stems
hard and dark
How long can woody stem plants live
over 100 years
What do woody stem plants contain
bark, vascular bundles, and vascular cambium
What is bark for a woody stem plant
protective tissue (epidermal)
What do vascular bundles do
transport water, minerals, and sugars
What do vascular cambium create
annual rings inside the tree trunk
What are the parts of the leaf
stomata, mesophyll, and vascular tissues
What are the two types of mesophyll
palisade (upper) and spongy (lower)
What do the stomata do
regulate the movement of water and gasses through the epidermis
What are the mesophyll
photosynthetic tissue that the stomata open into
What are palisade mesophyll
tall tightly packed cells filled with chloroplasts
What are spongy mesophyll
irregular shaped cells separated by air spaces for storing gases
What are vascular tissues
complex networks of vascular bundles or veins
What do the veins in vascular bundles consist of
one strand of xylem (top) and one of phloem (bottom)
Why are most leaves thin and broad
allows easier for gas exchange and so that photosynthetic parenchyma cells can reach sunlight
What are inside parenchyma cells
high concentrations of chloroplasts
What do chloroplasts do
responsible for conducting photosynthesis
What is photosynthesis
the process that takes carbon dioxide from the air, water from the soil, and light energy from the sun to produce glucose and oxygen
What are the sacs in chloroplasts called
thylakoids
What are thylakoids called when stacked
granum
What type of molecules are inside thylakoids
chlorophyll
What do chlorophyll do
trap light
How do chloroplasts increase the amount of light they capture
they change shape and or location
What type of cell is best at storing food for a plant
parenchyma
What organelle maintains pressure against the cell wall so the plant keeps it structure
central vacuole
What is the plant cuticle made out of
epidermal cells
What kind of tissue are the xylem and phloem
vascular tissue
What does the meristem consist of
undifferentiated cells
What is a membrane-bound, pigment containing organelle that conducts photosynthesis
the chloroplast
What is the parenchyma made of
loosely packed cells with thin cells walls
What type of tissue makes up most of the plants interior roots, stems, and leaves
ground tissue
What is transpiration
the loss of water through the leaves of a plant
What is the term used to describe the water’s ability to stick to surfaces
adhesion
What is another term for “push from below” that describes the movement of water
root pressure
How long does the digestive process take to complete
around 5 hours
What is the extremely long tube system that makes up the digestive system in humans called
alimentary canal
How many salivary glands do you have
3
What does food mix with when being chewed
amylase (saliva enzyme)
Which type of digestion occurs in the esophagus
none
What does the esophagus secrete
mucin
What is mucin
a lubricant that helps the food go to the stomach
How much food can the stomach hold
1.5L
How is food broken down in the stomach
churning (contractions of the muscular stomach walls) and is mixed with hydrochloric acid
What does mucus do
covers the stomach lining to protect from stomach acid
What is the duodenum
the first part of the small intestine
What is food called when it is in the duodenum
chyme
What happens when chyme reaches the duodenum
stimulates the production of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver
What does the pancreas do
produces most of the enzymes needed for digestion as well as insulin and glucagon which regulates blood sugar level
What does the liver do
produces bile
What is bile
an emulsifying agent used in the physical digestion of fats
What vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine
B and K which are produced by live bacteria
Where does the digestive process begin
the mouth
How long are the intestines of an average adult
8 meters
How long does it take food to break down in the stomach
4 hours
How long does it take food to move through the entire body
1-2 days
What type of digestion occurs in the mouth
both chemical and physical
What is the food we eat used for
creation of new cells, making molecules, energy
Where is water absorbed in the digestive system
large intestine
What type of digestion occurs in the stomach
both physical and chemical
What does saliva help break down
carbohydrates
What does bile help break down
fats
What does saliva do
forms bolus, lubricates, helps taste
Are animals, autotrophs, heterotrophs, or chemotrophs
heterotrophs
Do animals that only eat meat have a more complex digestive system
no
What is diffusion
the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Why is diffusion important
plays an integral role in the movement of gasses in the respiratory system
What are the forms of respiration
breathing, external respiration, circulation, internal respiration, cellular respiration
What is external respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
What is circulation
movement of dissolved gasses by the blood to form the body cells
What is internal respiration
exchange of CO2 and O2 between blood and body cells
What is cellular respiration
nutrients are broken down and released in the mitochondria of the cells
Why do the lungs have thin walls
so diffusion can occur quickly
Why are the lungs moist
so oxygen and carbon dioxide will dissolve
What type of circulatory system do humans have
closed
How many times does a human heart pump/beat on average
70/minute, 100 000 a day
Coronary circulation
the route taken by the blood within the heart
Pulmonary circulation
the pathway of the blood from the heart to the lungs
Systemic circulation
movement from the heart t the rest of the body
