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Biology 2019 > BIOLOGY T1 > Flashcards

BIOLOGY T1 Flashcards

Units 1-3.

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1
Q

What are the differences between plant cells and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have:

  • A cell wall
  • A vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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2
Q

What are the similarities between plant cells and animal cells?

A

Both plant cells and animal cells have:

  • A cytoplasm
  • A nucleus
  • A cell membrane
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3
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotes are singled celled organisms whereas eukaryotes are multicellular organisms. Also eukaryotes have a nucleus, whereas prokaryotes do not.

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4
Q

Which domains do prokaryotes occupy?

A

Bacteria and Archaea.

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5
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane?

A

It separates the interior of the cell from the outside and allows certain substances to move in and out of the cell. It is PARTIALLY PERMEABLE. It is a phospholipid bilayer.

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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It contains the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction.

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7
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

(a.k.a Nuclear Membrane) It is the membrane which separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in the cell.

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

It is located inside the nucleus and is the site where ribosomes are produced.

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9
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It synthesises proteins with the help of ribosomes which are located on it.

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10
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It produces hormones and lipids for the cell.

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11
Q

What is the function of the golgi body/apparatus?

A

It transports proteins and lipids out or around the cell, packages proteins for secretion and also produces lysosomes.

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12
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

It produces energy for the cell, converting oxygen and nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is the site of aerobic respiration.

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13
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

They are involved in the production of proteins through protein synthesis, are found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum,

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14
Q

What are the different sizes of ribosomes?

A

They are 30nm (nanometres) in the cytoplasm and 20nm in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

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15
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

They contain digestive enzymes which are used for digestion and waste removal in the cells.

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16
Q

What is the function of the microtubules?

A

They help to support and give shape to the cell. They also transport organelles which use them as routes to move throughout the cell.

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17
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

They help with cell division in animal cells by separating the chromosomes during mitosis.

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18
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

They absorb the light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy which is then used during photosynthesis.

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19
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It is the protective partially permeable outer layer of plant cells which gives the cell strength and structure as well as filtering molecules that pass in and out of the cell.

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20
Q

What is the function of the vacuoles?

A

They are the storage place for nutrients and water. They are larger in plant cells than in animal cells.

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21
Q

What is the function of the tonoplast?

A

It is the membrane which surrounds the large vacuole in plant cells.

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22
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

It is a jelly-like fluid which gives the cell its shape as well as helping to fill out the cell and keep the organelles in place. It is also the site for most of the chemical reactions that occur in the cell.

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23
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

It is the structure that helps the cells maintain their shape and enables cells to carry out division and movement.

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24
Q

What is the function of the plasmodesmata?

A

They are microscopic channels through the cell wall which enable transport and communication between the cells.

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25
Q

What is the definition of species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.

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26
Q

What is the binomial naming system?

A

It is the internationally agreed system of classification whereby the name is made up of two parts which show the genus and species.
For example: Tiger - Panthera tigris
Panthera - genus with a capital letter
tigris - species with a lowercase letter

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of mammals?

A

They:

  • Have fur
  • Have four limbs
  • Produce live young
  • Are warm blooded
  • Have lungs for breathing
  • Females have mammary glands to produce milk to feed the young
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28
Q

What are the characteristics of birds?

A

They:

  • Have feathers
  • Have scales on their legs
  • Have two wings and two legs
  • Produce eggs with a hard shell which are laid on land
  • Are warm blooded
  • Have lungs for breathing
  • Have a beak
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29
Q

What are the characteristics of reptiles?

A

They:

  • Have four legs (apart from snakes)
  • Produce eggs with a rubbery and waterproof shell which are laid on land
  • Are cold blooded
  • Have lungs for breathing
  • Have dry skin with scales
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30
Q

What are the characteristics of amphibians?

A

They:

  • Have moist skin
  • Have four limbs and their back feet are often webbed
  • Produce jelly covered eggs in the water
  • Are cold blooded
  • Have lungs and skin for breathing
31
Q

What are the characteristics of fish?

A

They:

  • Have scales
  • Have fins
  • Produce jelly covered eggs in the water
  • Are cold blooded
  • Have gills for breathing
32
Q

What are the different vertebrates?

A

Vertebrates:

  • Mammals
  • Birds
  • Reptiles
  • Amphibians
  • Fish
33
Q

What are the characteristics of myriapods?

A

They:

  • Have ten or more pairs of legs
  • Do not have a body obviously divided into thorax and abdomen
  • Have one pair of antennae
  • Have simple eyes
34
Q

What are the characteristics of insects?

A

They:

  • Have three pairs of legs
  • Have a body divided into head, thorax and abdomen
  • Have one pair of antennae
  • Have one pair of compound eyes
  • Usually have two pairs of wings
35
Q

What are the characteristics of arachnids?

A

They:

  • Have four pairs of legs
  • Have a body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen
  • Have several pairs of simple eyes
  • Have chelicerae for biting and poisoning prey
36
Q

What are the characteristics of crustacea?

A

They:

  • Have five or more pairs of legs
  • Have a body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen
  • Have two pairs of antennae
  • Have one pair of compound eyes
  • Have an exoskeleton which is often calcified to form a carapace (hard outer shell)
37
Q

What are the different arthropods?

A

Arthropods:

  • Myriapods
  • Insects
  • Arachnids
  • Crustacea
38
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They are molecules which are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

39
Q

What are fats/lipids?

A

They are molecules which are made up of a molecule of glycerol and three chains of fatty acids.

40
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are molecules which are made up of different sequences of amino acids

41
Q

What is the food test for starch?

A

Add iodine solution to starch solution and the brown-yellow colour of the iodine should turn to a blue-black colour.

42
Q

What is the food test for reducing sugars?

A

Add Benedict’s solution to glucose solution and heat the test tube in a beaker of boiling water or over a bunsen burner. The aqua-blue colour of the solution should turn to a yellow-orange colour with a red precipitate.

43
Q

What is the food test for proteins?

A

Add a solution of dilute sodium hydroxide and a copper sulfate solution (biurets) to a solution of albumen (or any other protein) and the aqua-blue colour should turn to a purple colour.

44
Q

What is the food test for lipids?

A

Add oil, ethanol, and water together and the solution should become cloudy with a milky white emulsion.

45
Q

What is the food test for vitamin C?

A

Add fruit juice to a DCPIP solution and the blue dye should be decolourised. The faster the solution is decolourised, the more vitamin C is present.

46
Q

What is diffusion?

A

It is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down the concentration gradient.

47
Q

What is osmosis?

A

It is the movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane, from a solution of high water potential, to a solution of lower water potential.

48
Q

What are enzymes?

A

They are biological catalysts.

49
Q

What are the different types of enzymes?

A

There are intracellular and extracellular enzymes. And enzymes can be catabolic and anabolic.

50
Q

What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions?

A

Catabolic reactions are when the enzyme breaks down substances to release energy. E.g. respiration, digestion
Anabolic reactions are when the enzyme uses energy to bond two smaller substances together to form a more complex molecule.
Catabolic and anabolic reactions often work together in that the catabolic reaction provides the energy needed for the anabolic reaction.

51
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water = Glucose + Oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

52
Q

True or false? Different sequences of amino acids give different shapes to the protein molecules.

A

True: For enzymes the sequence of amino acids provides specificity to the shape of the structure and the active site. For antibodies the sequence of amino acids provides specificity to the binding site.

53
Q

What is special about the structure of water (H20)?

A

It is polar because the oxygen atom is slightly negatively charged and the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive. The slight negative charge on the oxygen atom makes it attract the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of another water molecule. The numerous hydrogen bonds in water make it a very stable structure.

54
Q

What are the different properties of water?

A

Properties:

  • Solvent action
  • Specific Heat Capacity
  • Latent Heat of Vaporization
55
Q

What is specific heat capacity? And how does it relate to water?

A

It is how much heat is needed to increase the temperature of a fixed amount of substance by a certain amount. Water has a very high specific heat capacity because energy is needed to break the hydrogen bonds. This means that water resists temperature changes, providing a more stable environment within cells and for aquatic organisms.

56
Q

What is the latent heat of vaporization? And how does it relate to water?

A

It is how much heat is needed to turn a substance into a gas. Water has a high latent heat of vaporization and so the evaporation of water from the surface of organisms (e.g. sweating, transpiration) can provide a significant cooling effect.

57
Q

What is a solvent? And how does it relate to water?

A

A solvent is a substance that is capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds. Water is described as the ‘universal solvent’ because it can dissolve so many substances due to its dipolar nature. This enables many biochemical reactions to take place in the cytoplasm of the cell which is made up mostly of water.

58
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A

DNA is made up of nucleotides which bond together to make strands which form a double helix shape. Each nucleotide is made up of a phosphate group (PO3), a sugar group (deoxyribose), and a nitrogen (organic) base.

59
Q

What are the complementary bases which form hydrogen bonds between eachother?

A

Adenine - Thymine, Guanine - Cytosine

A - T, G - C

60
Q

What is the lock and key hypothesis?

A

For enzyme reactions, an analogy of a lock and key is used whereby the enzyme is the lock and the key is the substrate and so only the correctly shaped key can fit the lock. This relates to how enzymes and substrates with complementary shapes bind together.

61
Q

What is the induced fit hypothesis?

A

In comparison to the lock and key hypothesis which says that no change in the active site is needed, the induced fit hypothesis is that the active site will change in order to help the substrate fit.

62
Q

What are the factors which affect enzyme reactions?

A

Factors:

  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Enzyme concentration
  • Substrate concentration
63
Q

What is the optimum pH for enzymes?

A

For stomach enzymes e.g. pepsin: pH 1-2

For other enzymes e.g. amylase: pH 7

64
Q

What is the optimum temperature for enzymes?

A

The optimum temperature for enzymes in humans is between 37 and 38 degrees.

65
Q

What will happen to the enzyme if the pH is not near the optimal range?

A

The enzyme will become inactive (it will stop working). If the pH is too high or too low, the enzyme activity will slow down.

66
Q

What will happen to the enzyme if the temperature exceeds the optimum temperature?

A

The enzyme will denature, whereby it changes shape and so will no longer bind to the substrate. This means than no enzyme-substrate complex can form and so no reaction will occur. It is an irreversible change.

67
Q

What are the factors which affect photosynthesis?

A

Factors:

  • Light intensity
  • Carbon Dioxide concentration
  • Temperature
68
Q

How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?

A

A plant cannot photosynthesis very quickly without enough light even if all the other factors are at their optimum - (water, carbon dioxide, temperature).
By increasing the light intensity, you also increase the rate of photosynthesis until some other factor (a limiting factor) becomes in short supply.

69
Q

How does carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?

A

Again, without an adequate supply of carbon dioxide a plant cannot photosynthesis quickly and so if the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase. However at some point, another factor may become limiting.

70
Q

How does temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

The chemical reactions that combine carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose are controlled by enzymes. And so, as with any other enzyme-controlled reaction, the rate of reaction is affected by temperature. At low temperature, the rate of photosynthesis is limited by the number of molecular collisions between enzymes and substrates. At high temperatures, enzymes are denatured.

71
Q

What is the compensation point?

A

The compensation point is the light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis is equal to the rate of respiration.

72
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A limiting factor is something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processes.

73
Q

Why do plants require nitrate minerals?

A

They require nitrate ions for making amino acids which make up proteins. Proteins are important because they make up the enzymes which are required in enzyme controlled reactions which combine carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose.

74
Q

Why do plants require magnesium minerals?

A

They require magnesium ions in order for the plant to make chlorophyll which is required to absorb the light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy which is involved in the process of photosynthesis.

Biology 2019 (3 decks)

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