Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

🤯🔫(Higher) > Biology-sustainability and interdependence > Flashcards

Biology-sustainability and interdependence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 points of food security

A

•quality- nutritious, varied
•quantity- available at all times
•access- economic means to buy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What good does adding minerals do for the yield

A

Adding minerals or water to remove factors which may be limiting plant growth will improve yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 3 techniques that can increase a crops yield

A

1)replace exists strains of crops with a higher yielding cultivator
2)protect crops from competition through the use of herbicides, pesticides and fungicides
3)develop pest resistant crops varieties by selective breeding or GM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What energy is passed on and how much

A

Growth energy is passed on that only being 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is lost at every trophic level

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is it more economical to grow crops opposed to livestock

A

Because livestock cultivation generates far less food per area of land than plant production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

It is the process where green plants trap light energy and use it to produce carbohydrates (sugars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Light is a form of what

A

It is a form of electromagnetic radiation which travels in waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the colours and their wavelengths

A

(Short)Violet blue green yellow orange red(long)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 fates of white light on a leaf

A

1)reflected(in your eyes green pigment)
2)absorbed to the plant( to be photosynthesised)
3)transmitted (go through)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the pigments in the leaf

A

1)chlorophyll a(blue-green)
2)chlorophyll b(yellow-green)
3)carotenoids(carotene&xanthophyll)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What pigments are absorbed into the leaf

A

Red, blue and violet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the graph called that shows the different pigments absorbed into a leaf

A

Absorption spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What graph shows the rate of photosynthesis at each light wavelength

A

The action spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do carotenoids do

A

They extend the range of wavelengths of light that can be absorbed and used for photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What it light used for after being absorbed by chlorophyll a,b and carotenoids

A

1) generating ATP
2) photosynthesis- to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen is transferred to the co-enzyme NADP to make NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the fates of glucose after photosynthesis

A

•respiration
•starch (carbohydrates)
•cellulose (structural carb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why do people employ selective breeding

A

It is done in order to produce new and improved cultivar, making it more sustainable source of food for humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Variation in a population can be defined as either:

A

•continuous(varying extremes) height and weight
•discrete(divides species into two or more groups) eye colour and wing shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is single gene inheritance

A

This involves only one difference in inherited characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is true breeding

A

Where the characteristics of the parent is always passed onto the offspring- because both parents are homozygous(dominant, recessive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the aims of plant field trail

A

1)compare the performance of two different plant cultivators under the same conditions
2)find out the effect of different environmental conditions on a new cultivator of crop plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the things to consider during a plant field trial

A

1) selection of treatments
2) number of replicants
3)randomisation of treatments

24
Q

What is interbreeding

A

Interbreeding involves the fusion of two gametes from close relatives

25
Q

What is interbreeding depression

A

This happens when a natural out breeder is forced to inbreed, it leads to a decline of vigour, size, fertility and yield of the plant or animal

26
Q

How does hybrid vigour occur

A

When you mate two inbred homozygous cultivars making them heterozygous

27
Q

What is increased when hybrid vigour occurs

A

•vigour
•yield
•fertility
•disease resistance

28
Q

What is the usefulness of genetic sequencing

A

It can identify organisms with particular alleles for a desired characteristic- eg golden rice with more Vit A

29
Q

What is a weed

A

It is any kind of plant that grows where it is not wanted

30
Q

What are the properties of annual weeds

A

•grow very quickly
•short life cycle(1 year)
•produce many seeds

31
Q

What are the properties of perennial weeds

A

•reproduces asexually
•already established in the habitat
•have storage organs to provide food when conditions are poor

32
Q

What are the 3 types of invertebrate pests

A

1)nemotode worms
2)molluscs
3)insects

33
Q

The 3 kinds of plant diseases are

A

1)bacteria
2)fungi
3)viruses

34
Q

What are cultural means of crop protection (natural)

A

1)Ploughing- turning over 20cm of soil, bury weeds
2)weeding- early removal of weeds
3)crop rotation-a series of different crops rotating over the growing season with a nitrogen fixing crop to help plants grow

35
Q

What are chemical means of crop control

A

The use of:
Herbicides
Fungicides
Pesticides

36
Q

Herbicides can be either

A

Selective- which acts as growth hormone to Broad leafed plants using up all food reserves and die
Systemic-they are absorbed and transferred all around the plant this has a leathal effect on the roots

37
Q

Pesticides can be either

A

Contact-killing invertebrates when they come into contact with the spray/ protective residue

Systemic- which the plant transports through the plant and kills upon consumption

38
Q

What is biological control

A

It is the introduction of a natural enemy to quell a pest population
Through
A predator
A parasite
A pathogen

39
Q

What are behaviours of poor welfare

A

Stereotyping-repetitive movement(pacing)
Misdirected behaviour- normal behaviour that’s inappropriately directed( over grooming)

40
Q

What is symbiosis

A

It’s a co-evolved intimate relationship between organisms of two different species that live in direct con with each other

41
Q

What are the two types of symbiosis

A

Parasitism-one organism benefits and one is harmed
Mutualism-both organisms benifit

42
Q

What is parasitism

A

The host is exploited and harmed, with energy and or food/materials taken away. Parasites have limited metabolism and cannot survive without a host

43
Q

What is mutualism

A

Both organisms provide a service, and both revive a resource

44
Q

What are the advantages of living in a social group

A

Protection
Help raising young
Finding mates
Easier to catch food

45
Q

How are social hierarchies maintained

A

Through ritualistic threat (dominant) and submissive behaviours(subordinate)

46
Q

What are advantages of social hierarchies

A

Aggression is ritualised to infighting is kept to a minimum

Experienced leadership is guaranteed

Most powerful will pass on genes to next gen

47
Q

What are the advantages to co-op hunting

A

1)minimises injury
2)less energy is used per individual
3)all members of the group get to eat

48
Q

What is an advantage of safety in numbers

A

Many animals are protected from predators

49
Q

What is altruistic behaviour

A

It is unselfish behaviour which harms the donor but benefits the recipient

50
Q

What are the 2 kinds of altruism

A

Reciprocal altruism- giving help in the prospect of it being returned

Kin selection-individuals help their relatives reproduce, this means that their genes will live on in the recipients offspring

51
Q

What are the 3 castes of social insects

A

•Queens- the female that produces eggs
•drones: the males that fertilise the eggs
•workers: sterile females that help: raise offspring, defend the hive, gather food, and signal for areas of food

52
Q

What are the appeasement behaviours in primate circles

A

Grooming
Facial expressions
Posture
Sexual presentation
Appeasement
Ritualistic display

53
Q

What are the 3 ways of measuring biodiversity

A

•genetic diversity- frequency of DNA in an area
•species diversity-how many
•ecosystem diversity- how many

54
Q

What are 2 threats to biodiversity

A

•Over exploitation-over fishing, loss of genetic diversity
•The bottleneck effect-the loss of a population means they may not adapt to environmental changes

55
Q

What are introduced, naturalised and invasive species’

A

•Introduced- species that humans moved to new geographical locations
•Naturalised-non-native species that become established within communities
•Invasive species-groups of naturalised species that have spread rapidly and eliminated native ones

56
Q

How to invasive species become successful

A

•lack of predators
•lack of parasites
•lack of competition
•outcompeting with native species

🤯🔫(Higher) (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions