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🤯🔫(Higher) > Biology-sustainability and interdependence > Flashcards

Biology-sustainability and interdependence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 points of food security

A

•quality- nutritious, varied
•quantity- available at all times
•access- economic means to buy

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2
Q

What good does adding minerals do for the yield

A

Adding minerals or water to remove factors which may be limiting plant growth will improve yield

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3
Q

What are 3 techniques that can increase a crops yield

A

1)replace exists strains of crops with a higher yielding cultivator
2)protect crops from competition through the use of herbicides, pesticides and fungicides
3)develop pest resistant crops varieties by selective breeding or GM

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4
Q

What energy is passed on and how much

A

Growth energy is passed on that only being 10%

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5
Q

What is lost at every trophic level

A

Energy

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6
Q

Why is it more economical to grow crops opposed to livestock

A

Because livestock cultivation generates far less food per area of land than plant production

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7
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

It is the process where green plants trap light energy and use it to produce carbohydrates (sugars)

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8
Q

Light is a form of what

A

It is a form of electromagnetic radiation which travels in waves

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9
Q

What are the colours and their wavelengths

A

(Short)Violet blue green yellow orange red(long)

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10
Q

What are the 3 fates of white light on a leaf

A

1)reflected(in your eyes green pigment)
2)absorbed to the plant( to be photosynthesised)
3)transmitted (go through)

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11
Q

What are the pigments in the leaf

A

1)chlorophyll a(blue-green)
2)chlorophyll b(yellow-green)
3)carotenoids(carotene&xanthophyll)

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12
Q

What pigments are absorbed into the leaf

A

Red, blue and violet

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13
Q

What is the graph called that shows the different pigments absorbed into a leaf

A

Absorption spectrum

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14
Q

What graph shows the rate of photosynthesis at each light wavelength

A

The action spectrum

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15
Q

What do carotenoids do

A

They extend the range of wavelengths of light that can be absorbed and used for photosynthesis

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16
Q

What it light used for after being absorbed by chlorophyll a,b and carotenoids

A

1) generating ATP
2) photosynthesis- to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen is transferred to the co-enzyme NADP to make NADPH

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17
Q

What are the fates of glucose after photosynthesis

A

•respiration
•starch (carbohydrates)
•cellulose (structural carb)

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18
Q

Why do people employ selective breeding

A

It is done in order to produce new and improved cultivar, making it more sustainable source of food for humans

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19
Q

Variation in a population can be defined as either:

A

•continuous(varying extremes) height and weight
•discrete(divides species into two or more groups) eye colour and wing shape

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20
Q

What is single gene inheritance

A

This involves only one difference in inherited characteristics

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21
Q

What is true breeding

A

Where the characteristics of the parent is always passed onto the offspring- because both parents are homozygous(dominant, recessive)

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22
Q

What are the aims of plant field trail

A

1)compare the performance of two different plant cultivators under the same conditions
2)find out the effect of different environmental conditions on a new cultivator of crop plant

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23
Q

What are the things to consider during a plant field trial

A

1) selection of treatments
2) number of replicants
3)randomisation of treatments

24
Q

What is interbreeding

A

Interbreeding involves the fusion of two gametes from close relatives

25
What is interbreeding depression
This happens when a natural out breeder is forced to inbreed, it leads to a decline of vigour, size, fertility and yield of the plant or animal
26
How does hybrid vigour occur
When you mate two inbred homozygous cultivars making them heterozygous
27
What is increased when hybrid vigour occurs
•vigour •yield •fertility •disease resistance
28
What is the usefulness of genetic sequencing
It can identify organisms with particular alleles for a desired characteristic- eg golden rice with more Vit A
29
What is a weed
It is any kind of plant that grows where it is not wanted
30
What are the properties of annual weeds
•grow very quickly •short life cycle(1 year) •produce many seeds
31
What are the properties of perennial weeds
•reproduces asexually •already established in the habitat •have storage organs to provide food when conditions are poor
32
What are the 3 types of invertebrate pests
1)nemotode worms 2)molluscs 3)insects
33
The 3 kinds of plant diseases are
1)bacteria 2)fungi 3)viruses
34
What are cultural means of crop protection (natural)
1)Ploughing- turning over 20cm of soil, bury weeds 2)weeding- early removal of weeds 3)crop rotation-a series of different crops rotating over the growing season with a nitrogen fixing crop to help plants grow
35
What are chemical means of crop control
The use of: Herbicides Fungicides Pesticides
36
Herbicides can be either
Selective- which acts as growth hormone to Broad leafed plants using up all food reserves and die Systemic-they are absorbed and transferred all around the plant this has a leathal effect on the roots
37
Pesticides can be either
Contact-killing invertebrates when they come into contact with the spray/ protective residue Systemic- which the plant transports through the plant and kills upon consumption
38
What is biological control
It is the introduction of a natural enemy to quell a pest population Through A predator A parasite A pathogen
39
What are behaviours of poor welfare
Stereotyping-repetitive movement(pacing) Misdirected behaviour- normal behaviour that’s inappropriately directed( over grooming)
40
What is symbiosis
It’s a co-evolved intimate relationship between organisms of two different species that live in direct con with each other
41
What are the two types of symbiosis
Parasitism-one organism benefits and one is harmed Mutualism-both organisms benifit
42
What is parasitism
The host is exploited and harmed, with energy and or food/materials taken away. Parasites have limited metabolism and cannot survive without a host
43
What is mutualism
Both organisms provide a service, and both revive a resource
44
What are the advantages of living in a social group
Protection Help raising young Finding mates Easier to catch food
45
How are social hierarchies maintained
Through ritualistic threat (dominant) and submissive behaviours(subordinate)
46
What are advantages of social hierarchies
Aggression is ritualised to infighting is kept to a minimum Experienced leadership is guaranteed Most powerful will pass on genes to next gen
47
What are the advantages to co-op hunting
1)minimises injury 2)less energy is used per individual 3)all members of the group get to eat
48
What is an advantage of safety in numbers
Many animals are protected from predators
49
What is altruistic behaviour
It is unselfish behaviour which harms the donor but benefits the recipient
50
What are the 2 kinds of altruism
Reciprocal altruism- giving help in the prospect of it being returned Kin selection-individuals help their relatives reproduce, this means that their genes will live on in the recipients offspring
51
What are the 3 castes of social insects
•Queens- the female that produces eggs •drones: the males that fertilise the eggs •workers: sterile females that help: raise offspring, defend the hive, gather food, and signal for areas of food
52
What are the appeasement behaviours in primate circles
Grooming Facial expressions Posture Sexual presentation Appeasement Ritualistic display
53
What are the 3 ways of measuring biodiversity
•genetic diversity- frequency of DNA in an area •species diversity-how many •ecosystem diversity- how many
54
What are 2 threats to biodiversity
•Over exploitation-over fishing, loss of genetic diversity •The bottleneck effect-the loss of a population means they may not adapt to environmental changes
55
What are introduced, naturalised and invasive species’
•Introduced- species that humans moved to new geographical locations •Naturalised-non-native species that become established within communities •Invasive species-groups of naturalised species that have spread rapidly and eliminated native ones
56
How to invasive species become successful
•lack of predators •lack of parasites •lack of competition •outcompeting with native species

🤯🔫(Higher) (5 decks)

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