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🤯🔫(higher) > Biology-sustainability and interdependence > Flashcards

Biology-sustainability and interdependence Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 points of food security

A

•quality- nutritious, varied
•quantity- available at all times
•access- economic means to buy

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2
Q

What good does adding minerals do for the yield

A

Adding minerals or water to remove factors which may be limiting plant growth will improve yield

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3
Q

What are 3 techniques that can increase a crops yield

A

1)replace exists strains of crops with a higher yielding cultivator
2)protect crops from competition through the use of herbicides, pesticides and fungicides
3)develop pest resistant crops varieties by selective breeding or GM

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4
Q

What energy is passed on and how much

A

Growth energy is passed on that only being 10%

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5
Q

What is lost at every trophic level

A

Energy

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6
Q

Why is it more economical to grow crops opposed to livestock

A

Because livestock cultivation generates far less food per area of land than plant production

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7
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

It is the process where green plants trap light energy and use it to produce carbohydrates (sugars)

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8
Q

Light is a form of what

A

It is a form of electromagnetic radiation which travels in waves

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9
Q

What are the colours and their wavelengths

A

(Short)Violet blue green yellow orange red(long)

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10
Q

What are the 3 fates of white light on a leaf

A

1)reflected(in your eyes green pigment)
2)absorbed to the plant( to be photosynthesised)
3)transmitted (go through)

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11
Q

What are the pigments in the leaf

A

1)chlorophyll a(blue-green)
2)chlorophyll b(yellow-green)
3)carotenoids(carotene&xanthophyll)

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12
Q

What pigments are absorbed into the leaf

A

Red, blue and violet

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13
Q

What is the graph called that shows the different pigments absorbed into a leaf

A

Absorption spectrum

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14
Q

What graph shows the rate of photosynthesis at each light wavelength

A

The action spectrum

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15
Q

What do carotenoids do

A

They extend the range of wavelengths of light that can be absorbed and used for photosynthesis

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16
Q

What it light used for after being absorbed by chlorophyll a,b and carotenoids

A

1) generating ATP
2) photosynthesis- to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen is transferred to the co-enzyme NADP to make NADPH

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17
Q

What are the fates of glucose after photosynthesis

A

•respiration
•starch (carbohydrates)
•cellulose (structural carb)

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18
Q

Why do people employ selective breeding

A

It is done in order to produce new and improved cultivar, making it more sustainable source of food for humans

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19
Q

Variation in a population can be defined as either:

A

•continuous(varying extremes) height and weight
•discrete(divides species into two or more groups) eye colour and wing shape

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20
Q

What is single gene inheritance

A

This involves only one difference in inherited characteristics

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21
Q

What is true breeding

A

Where the characteristics of the parent is always passed onto the offspring- because both parents are homozygous(dominant, recessive)

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22
Q

What are the aims of plant field trail

A

1)compare the performance of two different plant cultivators under the same conditions
2)find out the effect of different environmental conditions on a new cultivator of crop plant

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23
Q

What are the things to consider during a plant field trial

A

1) selection of treatments
2) number of replicants
3)randomisation of treatments

24
Q

What is interbreeding

A

Interbreeding involves the fusion of two gametes from close relatives

25
Q

What is interbreeding depression

A

This happens when a natural out breeder is forced to inbreed, it leads to a decline of vigour, size, fertility and yield of the plant or animal

26
Q

How does hybrid vigour occur

A

When you mate two inbred homozygous cultivars making them heterozygous

27
Q

What is increased when hybrid vigour occurs

A

•vigour
•yield
•fertility
•disease resistance

28
Q

What is the usefulness of genetic sequencing

A

It can identify organisms with particular alleles for a desired characteristic- eg golden rice with more Vit A

29
Q

What is a weed

A

It is any kind of plant that grows where it is not wanted

30
Q

What are the properties of annual weeds

A

•grow very quickly
•short life cycle(1 year)
•produce many seeds

31
Q

What are the properties of perennial weeds

A

•reproduces asexually
•already established in the habitat
•have storage organs to provide food when conditions are poor

32
Q

What are the 3 types of invertebrate pests

A

1)nemotode worms
2)molluscs
3)insects

33
Q

The 3 kinds of plant diseases are

A

1)bacteria
2)fungi
3)viruses

34
Q

What are cultural means of crop protection (natural)

A

1)Ploughing- turning over 20cm of soil, bury weeds
2)weeding- early removal of weeds
3)crop rotation-a series of different crops rotating over the growing season with a nitrogen fixing crop to help plants grow

35
Q

What are chemical means of crop control

A

The use of:
Herbicides
Fungicides
Pesticides

36
Q

Herbicides can be either

A

Selective- which acts as growth hormone to Broad leafed plants using up all food reserves and die
Systemic-they are absorbed and transferred all around the plant this has a leathal effect on the roots

37
Q

Pesticides can be either

A

Contact-killing invertebrates when they come into contact with the spray/ protective residue

Systemic- which the plant transports through the plant and kills upon consumption

38
Q

What is biological control

A

It is the introduction of a natural enemy to quell a pest population
Through
A predator
A parasite
A pathogen

39
Q

What are behaviours of poor welfare

A

Stereotyping-repetitive movement(pacing)
Misdirected behaviour- normal behaviour that’s inappropriately directed( over grooming)

40
Q

What is symbiosis

A

It’s a co-evolved intimate relationship between organisms of two different species that live in direct con with each other

41
Q

What are the two types of symbiosis

A

Parasitism-one organism benefits and one is harmed
Mutualism-both organisms benifit

42
Q

What is parasitism

A

The host is exploited and harmed, with energy and or food/materials taken away. Parasites have limited metabolism and cannot survive without a host

43
Q

What is mutualism

A

Both organisms provide a service, and both revive a resource

44
Q

What are the advantages of living in a social group

A

Protection
Help raising young
Finding mates
Easier to catch food

45
Q

How are social hierarchies maintained

A

Through ritualistic threat (dominant) and submissive behaviours(subordinate)

46
Q

What are advantages of social hierarchies

A

Aggression is ritualised to infighting is kept to a minimum

Experienced leadership is guaranteed

Most powerful will pass on genes to next gen

47
Q

What are the advantages to co-op hunting

A

1)minimises injury
2)less energy is used per individual
3)all members of the group get to eat

48
Q

What is an advantage of safety in numbers

A

Many animals are protected from predators

49
Q

What is altruistic behaviour

A

It is unselfish behaviour which harms the donor but benefits the recipient

50
Q

What are the 2 kinds of altruism

A

Reciprocal altruism- giving help in the prospect of it being returned

Kin selection-individuals help their relatives reproduce, this means that their genes will live on in the recipients offspring

51
Q

What are the 3 castes of social insects

A

•Queens- the female that produces eggs
•drones: the males that fertilise the eggs
•workers: sterile females that help: raise offspring, defend the hive, gather food, and signal for areas of food

52
Q

What are the appeasement behaviours in primate circles

A

Grooming
Facial expressions
Posture
Sexual presentation
Appeasement
Ritualistic display

53
Q

What are the 3 ways of measuring biodiversity

A

•genetic diversity- frequency of DNA in an area
•species diversity-how many
•ecosystem diversity- how many

54
Q

What are 2 threats to biodiversity

A

•Over exploitation-over fishing, loss of genetic diversity
•The bottleneck effect-the loss of a population means they may not adapt to environmental changes

55
Q

What are introduced, naturalised and invasive species’

A

•Introduced- species that humans moved to new geographical locations
•Naturalised-non-native species that become established within communities
•Invasive species-groups of naturalised species that have spread rapidly and eliminated native ones

56
Q

How to invasive species become successful

A

•lack of predators
•lack of parasites
•lack of competition
•outcompeting with native species

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