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Concepts 3-5 test > Biology study guide for final! > Flashcards

Biology study guide for final! Flashcards

1
Q

Where does all energy come from?

A

The sun

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2
Q

What are producers?

A

An autotroph. Gets energy from non-living things. Captures energy during photosynthesis.

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3
Q

What are consumers?

A

Heterotroph. Energy from living organisms.

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4
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

6Co2 + 6H2O (yield) C6H12O6 + 6O2

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5
Q

What is an omnivore?

A

Eats meat and plants

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6
Q

What is a Herbivore?

A

Only eats plants

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7
Q

What is a carnivore?

A

Only eats meat

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8
Q

What are deritivores?

A

Eats dead materials

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9
Q

What is the process energy goes through?

A

Photosynthesis

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10
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide and water. They are ingredients.

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11
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and oxygen. They are results.

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12
Q

What are the structures that build the chloroplast?

A

Grana, stroma, outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane, lumen, and thylakoid.

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13
Q

What is grana?

A

Pancake like stacks of thylakoid membrane.

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14
Q

What is stroma?

A

The fluid-like structure that fills the space between the grana.

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15
Q

What is the thylakoid?

A

The site of LDR.

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16
Q

What is the Lumen?

A

The open space in the thylakoid.

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17
Q

Where does LDR occur?

A

In the grana.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of LDR?

A

Capture energy from the sun and store energy in “energy carrying molecules”.

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19
Q

Where does LIR occur?

A

In the stroma.

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20
Q

Whet is the purpose of LIR?

A

Use the energy from the “energy carrying molecules” from the LDR to make sugar/glucose.

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21
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

The process of an organism making its own food using chemicals (chemo) instead of sunlight (photo) like in photosynthesis.

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22
Q

The summary of photosynthesis.

A

Water splits to make oxygen, protons, and electrons. Protons make ATP/energy and electrons make NADPH. Sunlight fuels the electrons that go through the electron transport chain. The ATP and NADPH go to LIR. Co2 goes into LIR. The ATP and NADPH help make G3p, which is used to make glucose.

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23
Q

What is the goal of cellular respiration?

A

Convert the chemical energy in food (glucose) to chemical energy stored in ATP.

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24
Q

What is the Cellular respiration equation?

A

cho + o2 (yield) co2 + h2o + Energy

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25
Q

Is cellular exo or endo?

A

Exothermic

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26
Q

What are the reactants of cellular?

A

glucose and oxygen. Ingredients.

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27
Q

What are the products of cellular?

A

carbon dioxide and water. Results.

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28
Q

What are the structures of the mitochondria?

A

Inter-membrane and matrix.

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29
Q

What is the inter-membrane?

A

Folded membrane

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30
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Fluid like substances that fills up the space.

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31
Q

What cycle is associated with the matrix?

A

The Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle.

32
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose.

33
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm.

34
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic because it doesn’t use oxygen.

35
Q

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

A

Split the 6-carbon molecule of glucose in half to form two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate.

36
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

2 ATP total and 2 NADH

37
Q

What cycle is aerobic respiration part of?

A

The Krebs cycle/ citric acid cycle, because it uses oxygen.

38
Q

What is the location of aerobic respiration?

A

mitochondria matrix

39
Q

What is the process of aerobic respiration?

A

2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are chemically converted in this cycle to make ATP (some NADH and some FADH2).

40
Q

Where is the Electron Transport Chain(ETC) located?

A

In the inner-membrane of the mitochondria.

41
Q

What is the process of ETC?

A

Make 34 ATP and h2o.

42
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

A

Oxygen is present in aerobic and oxygen is not present in anaerobic.

43
Q

What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

44
Q

What are the two types of aerobic respiration ?

A

Krebs cycle and ETC

45
Q

Where does the lactic acid fermentation occur?

A

In some bacteria and animal cells

46
Q

What is the process of lactic acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted into lactic acid and 2 ATP

47
Q

Where does alcohol fermentation occur?

A

In yeast when oxygen is not available.

48
Q

What is the process of alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate from glycolysis is broken down into alcohol,Co2, and 2 ATP

49
Q

What are the 5 ways to change the rate of chemical reaction?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. PH
  3. Substrate concentration
  4. Catalysts
    5.Competitive inhibitors
50
Q

Does energy flow up or down?

A

Up

51
Q

What are the trophic levels?

A
  1. Producer
  2. Primary consumers
  3. Secondary consumers
  4. Tertiary consumers
52
Q

Which trophic level is the start of the food chain?

A

Producers

53
Q

Which trophic level comes second in the food chain?

A

Primary consumers

54
Q

Which trophic level comes third in the food chain?

A

Secondary consumers

55
Q

Which trophic level comes last in the food chain?

A

Tertiary consumers

56
Q

What is the rule called where 90% of the energy is used or “lost as heat?

A

Rule of 10

57
Q

What are food webs?

A

Shows multiple food chains at once, and how they interconnect.

58
Q

What are trophic pyramids?

A

Models that show how energy flows through and ecosystem.

59
Q

What is an energy pyramid?

A

Represents the energy available at each trophic level; levels ALWAYS get smaller as you go up the pyramid.

60
Q

Most of the time producers get their energy from…

A

the sun

61
Q

Most of the time primary consumers get their energy from…

A

plants/producers

62
Q

Most of the time secondary consumers get their energy from…

A

plants/animals

63
Q

Most of the time tertiary consumers get their energy from…

A

Animals

64
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The amount of energy needed to make chemical reactions start.

65
Q

What are reactants?

A

(Substrate) substances that are changed during chemical reactions.

66
Q

What are products?

A

Substances that are made by chemical reactions.

67
Q

What is endothermic?

A

Absorbs energy

68
Q

What is exothermic?

A

Releases energy

69
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions within each cell of an organism.

70
Q

What are chemical reactions?

A

The breaking and forming of bonds between different substances during chemical changes.

71
Q

What is catabolic?

A

Break down of larger molecules into simpler compounds - a release in energy: exergonic.

72
Q

What is anabonic?

A

Build larger molecules from smaller ones - requires consuming energy to do it: endergonic.

73
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Mostly proteins that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

74
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Substances that speed up reactions without being permanently altered.

75
Q

How are enzymes built?

A

They have an active site that fits only one reactant(substrate). One substrate connects, the binding tightens = an induced fit. Enzymes can break bonds in a substrate to form two products.

Concepts 3-5 test (1 decks)

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