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Biology > Biology Study Guide #1 > Flashcards

Biology Study Guide #1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Emergent Properties

A

A new property (characteristic) found in a level of the hierarchy that did not exist in a lower level

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2
Q

Ecosystems services

A

Any positive benefit an ecosystem provides. Also, provides a reason to practice sustainability
1) providing useful substances -> supply food
2) regulating natural phenomena
3) cultural activities
4) provide processes essential for life -> pollinate crops

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3
Q

Environmental disturbances

A

A discrete event that affects ecosystems
- causes stress
- alters resources
- changes populations, community, ecosystem

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4
Q

Primary Succession

A

organisms populate an area for the first time
- takes a long time
- makes a place livable after a disaster
- pioneer species colonize it first, begin to form soil
- new area with no soil present

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5
Q

Secondary Succession

A

The first response after a small disturbance
- faster process since it involves soil
- in a place affected by temperature and precipitation, there will be a different microclimate than in the rest of the place such as: more sunlight, slightly higher tempts, less protection from the weather

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6
Q

Biodiversity

A

More biodiversity means more stability and healthier ecosystems

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7
Q

Disturbances offer habitats (abiotic + biotic factors) in ecosystems when a habitat changes different organisms can live

A
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8
Q

Succession

A

Changes over time in the organisms that make up a community after a disturbance

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9
Q

Hypotheses

A

a proposed logical explanation or answer
- the results can either support or refute the hypothesis
- based on observations or evidence

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10
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

states that the greatest diversity occurs with “intermediate” amounts of time between disturbances

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11
Q

Theory

A

an explanation that is supported by a great amount of evidence
- it can still be refuted

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12
Q

The relative abundance of a species in a community can vary over time

A
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13
Q

Biomass

A
  • amount of living material
  • amount of growth productivity
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14
Q

Ensurance hypothesis

A

a community with higher diversity will be more resilient (able to recover from a disturbance)

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15
Q

Logic

A

with multiple species there is a greater probability that there is a species present that can adapt to the disturbance

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16
Q

A diverse community (multiple species) orbits higher productivity than a community with low diversity because one species can compensate for a decrease in another species

A
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17
Q

Two types of disturbances

A
  • natural, depended by ecosystems
  • anthropogenic (caused by humans) -> human activity can rescale (change the frequency or intensity) of the natural pattern
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18
Q

Example of a positive disturbance

A

Fire

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19
Q

Life depends on the transfer (movement) and transformation (change) of matter and energy in organisms

A
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20
Q

Energy flows through organisms + ecosystems

A
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21
Q

Types of energy

A

Kinetic and Potential Energy

22
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy expressed through motion
- electricity
- mechanical energy
- sound
- heat
- light

23
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy due to the position of something
- nuclear energy
- chemical energy
- gravitational energy

24
Q

1st Law of thermodynamics

A

the amount of energy in the universe is constant but it can be transferred or transformed

25
Q

2nd Law of thermodynamics

A

The energy transformations are increasing the disorder (randomness) in the universe
- always releasing heat into the environment

26
Q

Hierarchy of biological systems

A

scales of side from large to small in which the field of biology is studied

27
Q

Biosphere

A

consists of all of the life and places where life exists on Earth
- includes most regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere

28
Q

Ecosystem

A

made up of all of the organisms in a certain area, as well as the physical, abiotic (non-living) components that life interacts with, like soil, water, and light
- an ecosystem is a patch of a larger biosphere

29
Q

Community

A

made up of all the organisms in a particular area, regardless of species.
- this only includes the biotic (living) components of a region

30
Q

Population

A

made up of all the individuals of a particular species living in a region
- field mice

31
Q

Organism

A

one living being
- humans

32
Q

Organs

A

body parts that perform specific functions, made up of multiple types of tissues
- heart

33
Q

Tissues

A

groups of similar cells performing a specific function
- skin

34
Q

Cells

A

the membrane-surrounded fundamental structural and functional units of life.
- the smallest possible living things

35
Q

Organelles

A

membrane-bound structures that exist to perform a specific function
- mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell
- chloroplast
- cytoplasm

36
Q

Molecule

A

this level consists of chemical structures made of two or more atoms covalently-bonded together
- at this level, storage of hereditary information occurs within the chemical structures of DNA

37
Q

Provisioning Services

A

something is taken up from the ecosystem
- include things like food, water, and oxygen (and, for humans in particular, fibers, medicines, minerals

38
Q

Regulation Services

A

modulation or alternation of natural phenomena. This includes prevention of overpopulation, regulation of climate and weather, and regulation of air quality.

39
Q

Cultural Services

A

the non-material benefits of nature.
- recreation opportunities, the ability to study the ecosystem to gain scientific knowledge, and just plain beauty to appreciate

40
Q

Supporting services

A

processes necessary to maintain life, such as the ability of the ecosystem to recycle nutrients, perform photosynthesis to capture energy, pollinate crops, and filter pollutants out of the water

41
Q

Sustainability

A

the process developing, managing, and conserving of Earth’s resources (ecosystem services) in ways that equitably meet the needs of all people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs

42
Q

Species richness

A

the amount of species within a certain region

43
Q

relative abundance

A

the proportion of a certain species within an environment as compared to all organisms in that ecosystem

44
Q

transfer

A

movement

45
Q

transformation

A

change in form

46
Q

Entropy

A

the general disorder of the universe – it’s randomness
- the more random something is, the more evenly dispersed

47
Q

exergonic process

A

releases energy

48
Q

endergonic process

A

requires energy

49
Q

anabolic

A

builds up a larger, more complex molecule from smaller subunits.
- involves a local decrease in entropy

50
Q

catabolic process

A

breaks down a large molecule into small parts
- the smaller subunits have more degrees of freedom (ability to move) than the larger structure had, so these processes involve an increase in entropy

Biology (1 decks)

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