Biology SOL Flashcards
1
Q
Which best helps scientists determine the age of
fossils?
A
Radioactive isotopes
2
Q
What did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the
understanding of DNA molecules?
A
An image indicating the shape of a DNA molecule
3
Q
The weakness of hydrogen bonds between the bases of DNA allows what?
A
base pairs to separate during
transcription and replication
4
Q
What are macromolecules
A
Huge molecules that include carbon
5
Q
What are abiotic factors
A
a non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment
6
Q
What cycles is decomposition a part of?
A
The prosphorus cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle
7
Q
Which structure is responsible for creating chemical energy in the form of ATP?
A
mitochondria
8
Q
Which organelles controls what enters or leaves the cell?
A
Cell membrane
9
Q
what is Domain Eukarya
A
multicellular and visible organisms, like people, animals, plants and trees etc
10
Q
Lysosomes do what?
A
rid cells of waste products and scavenge metabolic building blocks that sustain essential biosynthetic reactions during starvation.
11
Q
the site of protein synthesis takes place where?
A
Ribosome
12
Q
What does the Cytoskeleton do?
A
Surrounds the nucleus helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.
13
Q
The Golgi apparatus does what?
A
What helps process and package PROTEIN and call Curtis LIPID molecules, especially PROTEIN destined to be exported from the cell.
14
Q
If a toxic chemical destroys the ribosomes, which cellular activity would be affected first?
A
Since ribosomes are connected to the production of proteins, this process would stop.
15
Q
What occurs during interphase
A
Cell growth and replication of the organelles and chromosomes
16
Q
What are the phases/stages of meiosis
A
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
17
Q
What is the purpose of mitosis
A
It is for growth, and to replace outworn cells
18
Q
What kind of cells are formed at the end of mitosis? and how many
A
Two identical cells
19
Q
What is meiosis?
A
The making of sex cells (A single cell divides twice and then again to produce for sex cells)
20
Q
What are the stages in meiosis
A
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase prophase 2 metaphase 2 anaphase two telophase two
21
Q
How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation
A
Each gambit contains a different set of DNA
22
Q
What’s the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell
A
Haploid cells contain only one sets of chromosomes diploid cells contains two sets of chromosomes
23
Q
What happens in prophase
A
the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle
24
Q
What happens during metaphase?
A
Each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber, The align in the equator of the cell
25
What happens in anaphase?
Each chromosome moves to opposite sides of the cell
26
what happens during telophase?
A nuclear membrane forms around each sets of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm, then The two cells are made
27
Does meiosis go through PMAT twice?
Yes
28
In MEIOSIS prophase one do they match up with?
their identical humongous pair
29
What is a chromatid?
Half of a chromosome
30
In meiosis, does the number of chromosomes per nucleus remain the same after cell division?
Yes
31
What structure can be found in both a virus and a cell?
nucleic acid
32
Which term best describes the movement of water through cell membranes?
osmosis
33
is a water molecule is polar or nonpolar?
polar
34
in water what charge does the hydrogen atom have?
Slightly positive
35
in water what charge does the oxygen atom have?
Slightly negative
36
what is an independent variable?
The thing that isn't going to change no matter what (someone's age isn't gonna to change by what they eat, how much they go to school, how much television they watch ect.
37
What do viruses need to reproduce?
A host organism/living cell
38
Which property of water allows it to dissolve substances like sodium chloride and glucose but prevents it from dissolving lipids?
polarity
39
The processes of meiosis and fertilization help ensure the survival of the species by providing each generation with the same number of
chromosomes
40
What theory did Darwin make?
The theory of evolution and natural selection
41
what theory did Robert Koch make
Germ theory
42
what experiment did Francesco Redi conduct
The fly larva jar with meat in it to prove that living things can only come from living things
43
What theory did Francisco Redi disapprove
spontaneous generation
44
What is cell theory?
1. ) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. ) Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
3. ) All cells arise from pre-existing cells
45
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+the+phases+of+cell&rlz=1C5GCEM_enUS969US969&sxsrf=ALiCzsb4LzlA20IgbRjX67S07ADwQpTZjA:1652270266974&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilyteystf3AhXrj4kEHUQxBVAQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=795&bih=499&dpr=2#imgrc=Ti1vM5DXrpoeUM
46
What is the central dogma of biology?
its an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system.
47
What is protein synthesis?
The process of making proteins in the cell
48
How does a cell convert DNA into mRNA?
with RNA (this is Transcription)
49
How does a cell convert mRNA into protein?
by translation and processing the information present in its nucleotide sequence
50
Where does translation occur?
translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
51
What is the role of codons and anticodons in protein synthesis?
carries the corresponding amino acid
52
How many bases equal a codon?
The codon is set of 3 pairs of nitrogen bases
53
What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
It serves as a link (or adaptor) between the mRNA molecule and the chain of amino acids that make up a protein.
54
How does a ribosome know when to begin translation?
when a ribosome (gray) docks on a start codon (red) of an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm
55
How does translation end?
when a stop codon in the mRNA (UAA, UAG, or UGA) enters the A site
56
what does a adenine look like
two hexagons together
57
what does a phosphate look like
a cross
58
what does sugar look like?
Light colored pentagon
59
Transcription is the process
The process of DNA being turned into RNA
60
how many nucleic acid make an amino acid
The 3 nucleic acid bases combine in three letter sequences that each define an amino acid
61
translation is what?
the process of RNA being turned into proteins
62
What are Greenhouse gases
These gases such as carbon dioxide heat trapped in the earths atmosphere causing global warming
63
When humans burn fossil fuel most of the carbon quick glee enters the ______ as carbon dioxide
Atmosphere
64
Which nutrients cycle through the atmosphere
Water, nitrogen, and carbon,
65
Why do living things need nitrogen?
To make proteins and amino acid
66
What converts nitrogen into usable form for plants and animals
Bacteria
67
The process of plants losing water through their leaves is called…
Transpiration
68
Which is which is a process of the water cycle
Transpiration, precipitation/condensation, evaporation
69
This process is responsible for most environmental problems of excess nitrogen and phosphorus entering steams lakes and oceans
Agriculture and household runoff
70
Nitrogen is needed to make…
Proteins and nucleic acid, (DNA and RNA)
71
What is the only processor removes carbon from the atmosphere
Photosynthesis
72
The only things that can fix atmospheric nitrogen into chemical compounds are…
Bacteria and lightning
73
Is prosperous a greenhouse gas
No
74
How do animals get nitrogen
Eating other organisms
75
What’s the largest reservoir for nitrogen
The atmosphere
76
What is the largest reservoir for the phosphorus cycle?
Rocks and minerals
77
Why do living things need nitrogen?
To make proteins and amino acids
78
How do producers (plants) get nitrogen
absorbing nitrogen from the soil
79
what are the Mendelian laws of heredity
Law of Dominance: in a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic.
Law of Segregation: Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair.
Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.
80
historical development of the structural model of DNA;
The first accurate DNA double helix structure model was unveiled in 1962 and credited to two scientists, James Watson and Francis Crick
81
what is genetic variation
the presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species
82
what is the structure nucleic acids;
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
83
what is the structure nucleic acids;
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
84
what is the structure nucleic acids;
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
85
what is the structure nucleic acids;
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.
86
what the function of nucleic acids
storage and expression of genomic information
87
How do replication of nucleic acids work?
the DNA is first divided into two daughter strands in the genome, which carries the exact genetic information as the original cell.
88
What are the four biomolecule/macromolecules of life?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
89
what is the Monomers
| of a Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
90
what is the Monomers
| of a polypeptides and proteins
Amino-acids
91
what is the Monomers
| of a polypeptides and proteins
Nucleotides
92
what is Proteins function
Provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reactions, etc
93
what is Carbohydrates function
Provide cells with quick/short-term energy, source of dietary fiber
94
what is Lipids function
Provide cells with long-term energy, make up biological membranes
95
what is Proteins function
96
What do Nucleic acids do?
Store and pass on genetic information
97
What is the relationship between enzymes and substrates?
Image result for What is the relationship between enzymes and substrates?
A substrate enters the active site of the enzyme. This forms the enzyme-substrate complex.
98
What are the reactants and products of Cellular Respiration
glucose (sugar) and oxygen
99
What is the goal of cellular respiration?
to capture energy in the form of ATP.
100
In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?
mitochondria
101
In what organelle does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplasts
102
what are autotrophs
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.
103
what are heterotrophs
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.
104
what is cellular respiration
Release energy from food into a chemical form that can be used by the cell
105
During which phase of mitosis does the separation of chromosomes occur
Anaphase
106
what is S- Phase
responsible for the synthesis or replication of DNA
107
Number of chromosomes in daughter cells
half of the parent cell
108
prokaryotic has no what?
no nucleus
109
eukaryotic has a...??
a nucleus!
110
what is Heredity?
passing on traits from parents to offspring
111
what is Homeostasis
maintaining stable internal conditions
112
what is the Controled Group
the group that is not changed; “normal conditions”
113
Dependent Variable is what?
is measured or observed
114
Glucose is used for what
QUICK energy
115
what is HYDROLYSIS
Separates monomers by “adding water"
116
what is DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
Also called “condensation reaction Forms polymers by combining monomers by “REMOVING WATER ”.Used to form macromolecules.
117
what the differents between Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion: attraction between particles of the same substance
Adhesion: attraction between two different substances.
118
how do Enzymes work
by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy and thus, SPEEDS UP chemical reactions.
119
what is passive transport
HIGH TO LOW
Simple diffusion,
Osmosis, or Facilitated diffusion: movement of large or charged molecules via membrane proteins
120
what is active transport
movement of a solute from a region of low electrochemical potential on one side of the CELL MEMBRANE AGAINST the concentration gradient
121
do animal cells have cell walls
animals cells do not have cell walls .
122
A hydrogen bond is formed when what?
a hydrogen atom attracts a hydrogen atom in a different water molecule
123
The bonds formed between the base pairs of DNA are ____ bonds.
hydrogen bonds
124
what does autotrophic mean?
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.
125
what does heterotrophic mean?
cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.
126
The best representation of the flow of CARBON through an ecosystem is
sun → autotrophs → heterotrophs
127
Viruses are non-living particles because
viruses are not made of cells
128
During translation, the ribosome constructs a protein by bonding together amino acids into a chain. Translation is an example of
Double replacement
129
what is Double replacement
when parts of two ionic compounds are exchanged, making two new compounds.
130
what is Archaea
single-celled organisms with no nuclei
131
he weakness of hydrogen bonds between the bases of DNA allows what?
base pairs to separate during
| transcription and replication
132
As you go to higher trophic levels what happens?
Amount of energy available decreases
133
Which process divides a cell's nucleus and nuclear materials?
mitosis
