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SOL Practice > Biology SOL > Flashcards

Biology SOL Flashcards

1
Q

Which best helps scientists determine the age of

fossils?

A

Radioactive isotopes

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2
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the

understanding of DNA molecules?

A

An image indicating the shape of a DNA molecule

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3
Q

The weakness of hydrogen bonds between the bases of DNA allows what?

A

base pairs to separate during

transcription and replication

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4
Q

What are macromolecules

A

Huge molecules that include carbon

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5
Q

What are abiotic factors

A

a non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment

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6
Q

What cycles is decomposition a part of?

A

The prosphorus cycle, the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle

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7
Q

Which structure is responsible for creating chemical energy in the form of ATP?

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

Which organelles controls what enters or leaves the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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9
Q

what is Domain Eukarya

A

multicellular and visible organisms, like people, animals, plants and trees etc

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10
Q

Lysosomes do what?

A

rid cells of waste products and scavenge metabolic building blocks that sustain essential biosynthetic reactions during starvation.

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11
Q

the site of protein synthesis takes place where?

A

Ribosome

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12
Q

What does the Cytoskeleton do?

A

Surrounds the nucleus helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.

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13
Q

The Golgi apparatus does what?

A

What helps process and package PROTEIN and call Curtis LIPID molecules, especially PROTEIN destined to be exported from the cell.

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14
Q

If a toxic chemical destroys the ribosomes, which cellular activity would be affected first?

A

Since ribosomes are connected to the production of proteins, this process would stop.

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15
Q

What occurs during interphase

A

Cell growth and replication of the organelles and chromosomes

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16
Q

What are the phases/stages of meiosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2

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17
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis

A

It is for growth, and to replace outworn cells

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18
Q

What kind of cells are formed at the end of mitosis? and how many

A

Two identical cells

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19
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The making of sex cells (A single cell divides twice and then again to produce for sex cells)

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20
Q

What are the stages in meiosis

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase prophase 2 metaphase 2 anaphase two telophase two

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21
Q

How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation

A

Each gambit contains a different set of DNA

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22
Q

What’s the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell

A

Haploid cells contain only one sets of chromosomes diploid cells contains two sets of chromosomes

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23
Q

What happens in prophase

A

the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite sides of the nucleus, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle

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24
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Each chromosome is attached to a spindle fiber, The align in the equator of the cell

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25
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Each chromosome moves to opposite sides of the cell

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26
Q

what happens during telophase?

A

A nuclear membrane forms around each sets of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm, then The two cells are made

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27
Q

Does meiosis go through PMAT twice?

A

Yes

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28
Q

In MEIOSIS prophase one do they match up with?

A

their identical humongous pair

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29
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

Half of a chromosome

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30
Q

In meiosis, does the number of chromosomes per nucleus remain the same after cell division?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What structure can be found in both a virus and a cell?

A

nucleic acid

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32
Q

Which term best describes the movement of water through cell membranes?

A

osmosis

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33
Q

is a water molecule is polar or nonpolar?

A

polar

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34
Q

in water what charge does the hydrogen atom have?

A

Slightly positive

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35
Q

in water what charge does the oxygen atom have?

A

Slightly negative

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36
Q

what is an independent variable?

A

The thing that isn’t going to change no matter what (someone’s age isn’t gonna to change by what they eat, how much they go to school, how much television they watch ect.

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37
Q

What do viruses need to reproduce?

A

A host organism/living cell

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38
Q

Which property of water allows it to dissolve substances like sodium chloride and glucose but prevents it from dissolving lipids?

A

polarity

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39
Q

The processes of meiosis and fertilization help ensure the survival of the species by providing each generation with the same number of

A

chromosomes

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40
Q

What theory did Darwin make?

A

The theory of evolution and natural selection

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41
Q

what theory did Robert Koch make

A

Germ theory

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42
Q

what experiment did Francesco Redi conduct

A

The fly larva jar with meat in it to prove that living things can only come from living things

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43
Q

What theory did Francisco Redi disapprove

A

spontaneous generation

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44
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  1. ) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. ) Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
  3. ) All cells arise from pre-existing cells
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45
Q

https://www.google.com/search?q=what+the+phases+of+cell&rlz=1C5GCEM_enUS969US969&sxsrf=ALiCzsb4LzlA20IgbRjX67S07ADwQpTZjA:1652270266974&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilyteystf3AhXrj4kEHUQxBVAQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=795&bih=499&dpr=2#imgrc=Ti1vM5DXrpoeUM

A
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46
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

its an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system.

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47
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

The process of making proteins in the cell

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48
Q

How does a cell convert DNA into mRNA?

A

with RNA (this is Transcription)

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49
Q

How does a cell convert mRNA into protein?

A

by translation and processing the information present in its nucleotide sequence

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50
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

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51
Q

What is the role of codons and anticodons in protein synthesis?

A

carries the corresponding amino acid

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52
Q

How many bases equal a codon?

A

The codon is set of 3 pairs of nitrogen bases

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53
Q

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

It serves as a link (or adaptor) between the mRNA molecule and the chain of amino acids that make up a protein.

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54
Q

How does a ribosome know when to begin translation?

A

when a ribosome (gray) docks on a start codon (red) of an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm

55
Q

How does translation end?

A

when a stop codon in the mRNA (UAA, UAG, or UGA) enters the A site

56
Q

what does a adenine look like

A

two hexagons together

57
Q

what does a phosphate look like

A

a cross

58
Q

what does sugar look like?

A

Light colored pentagon

59
Q

Transcription is the process

A

The process of DNA being turned into RNA

60
Q

how many nucleic acid make an amino acid

A

The 3 nucleic acid bases combine in three letter sequences that each define an amino acid

61
Q

translation is what?

A

the process of RNA being turned into proteins

62
Q

What are Greenhouse gases

A

These gases such as carbon dioxide heat trapped in the earths atmosphere causing global warming

63
Q

When humans burn fossil fuel most of the carbon quick glee enters the ______ as carbon dioxide

A

Atmosphere

64
Q

Which nutrients cycle through the atmosphere

A

Water, nitrogen, and carbon,

65
Q

Why do living things need nitrogen?

A

To make proteins and amino acid

66
Q

What converts nitrogen into usable form for plants and animals

A

Bacteria

67
Q

The process of plants losing water through their leaves is called…

A

Transpiration

68
Q

Which is which is a process of the water cycle

A

Transpiration, precipitation/condensation, evaporation

69
Q

This process is responsible for most environmental problems of excess nitrogen and phosphorus entering steams lakes and oceans

A

Agriculture and household runoff

70
Q

Nitrogen is needed to make…

A

Proteins and nucleic acid, (DNA and RNA)

71
Q

What is the only processor removes carbon from the atmosphere

A

Photosynthesis

72
Q

The only things that can fix atmospheric nitrogen into chemical compounds are…

A

Bacteria and lightning

73
Q

Is prosperous a greenhouse gas

A

No

74
Q

How do animals get nitrogen

A

Eating other organisms

75
Q

What’s the largest reservoir for nitrogen

A

The atmosphere

76
Q

What is the largest reservoir for the phosphorus cycle?

A

Rocks and minerals

77
Q

Why do living things need nitrogen?

A

To make proteins and amino acids

78
Q

How do producers (plants) get nitrogen

A

absorbing nitrogen from the soil

79
Q

what are the Mendelian laws of heredity

A

Law of Dominance: in a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of another trait for the same characteristic.

Law of Segregation: Each inherited trait is defined by a gene pair.

Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.

80
Q

historical development of the structural model of DNA;

A

The first accurate DNA double helix structure model was unveiled in 1962 and credited to two scientists, James Watson and Francis Crick

81
Q

what is genetic variation

A

the presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species

82
Q

what is the structure nucleic acids;

A

Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.

83
Q

what is the structure nucleic acids;

A

Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.

84
Q

what is the structure nucleic acids;

A

Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.

85
Q

what is the structure nucleic acids;

A

Nucleic acids are polynucleotides—that is, long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.

86
Q

what the function of nucleic acids

A

storage and expression of genomic information

87
Q

How do replication of nucleic acids work?

A

the DNA is first divided into two daughter strands in the genome, which carries the exact genetic information as the original cell.

88
Q

What are the four biomolecule/macromolecules of life?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

89
Q

what is the Monomers

of a Polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides

90
Q

what is the Monomers

of a polypeptides and proteins

A

Amino-acids

91
Q

what is the Monomers

of a polypeptides and proteins

A

Nucleotides

92
Q

what is Proteins function

A

Provide cell structure, send chemical signals, speed up chemical reactions, etc

93
Q

what is Carbohydrates function

A

Provide cells with quick/short-term energy, source of dietary fiber

94
Q

what is Lipids function

A

Provide cells with long-term energy, make up biological membranes

95
Q

what is Proteins function

A
96
Q

What do Nucleic acids do?

A

Store and pass on genetic information

97
Q

What is the relationship between enzymes and substrates?

A

Image result for What is the relationship between enzymes and substrates?
A substrate enters the active site of the enzyme. This forms the enzyme-substrate complex.

98
Q

What are the reactants and products of Cellular Respiration

A

glucose (sugar) and oxygen

99
Q

What is the goal of cellular respiration?

A

to capture energy in the form of ATP.

100
Q

In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

101
Q

In what organelle does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplasts

102
Q

what are autotrophs

A

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

103
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.

104
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

Release energy from food into a chemical form that can be used by the cell

105
Q

During which phase of mitosis does the separation of chromosomes occur

A

Anaphase

106
Q

what is S- Phase

A

responsible for the synthesis or replication of DNA

107
Q

Number of chromosomes in daughter cells

A

half of the parent cell

108
Q

prokaryotic has no what?

A

no nucleus

109
Q

eukaryotic has a…??

A

a nucleus!

110
Q

what is Heredity?

A

passing on traits from parents to offspring

111
Q

what is Homeostasis

A

maintaining stable internal conditions

112
Q

what is the Controled Group

A

the group that is not changed; “normal conditions”

113
Q

Dependent Variable is what?

A

is measured or observed

114
Q

Glucose is used for what

A

QUICK energy

115
Q

what is HYDROLYSIS

A

Separates monomers by “adding water”

116
Q

what is DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

A

Also called “condensation reaction Forms polymers by combining monomers by “REMOVING WATER ”.Used to form macromolecules.

117
Q

what the differents between Cohesion and Adhesion

A

Cohesion: attraction between particles of the same substance

Adhesion: attraction between two different substances.

118
Q

how do Enzymes work

A

by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy and thus, SPEEDS UP chemical reactions.

119
Q

what is passive transport

A

HIGH TO LOW
Simple diffusion,
Osmosis, or Facilitated diffusion: movement of large or charged molecules via membrane proteins

120
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of a solute from a region of low electrochemical potential on one side of the CELL MEMBRANE AGAINST the concentration gradient

121
Q

do animal cells have cell walls

A

animals cells do not have cell walls .

122
Q

A hydrogen bond is formed when what?

A

a hydrogen atom attracts a hydrogen atom in a different water molecule

123
Q

The bonds formed between the base pairs of DNA are ____ bonds.

A

hydrogen bonds

124
Q

what does autotrophic mean?

A

an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals.

125
Q

what does heterotrophic mean?

A

cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.

126
Q

The best representation of the flow of CARBON through an ecosystem is

A

sun → autotrophs → heterotrophs

127
Q

Viruses are non-living particles because

A

viruses are not made of cells

128
Q

During translation, the ribosome constructs a protein by bonding together amino acids into a chain. Translation is an example of

A

Double replacement

129
Q

what is Double replacement

A

when parts of two ionic compounds are exchanged, making two new compounds.

130
Q

what is Archaea

A

single-celled organisms with no nuclei

131
Q

he weakness of hydrogen bonds between the bases of DNA allows what?

A

base pairs to separate during

transcription and replication

132
Q

As you go to higher trophic levels what happens?

A

Amount of energy available decreases

133
Q

Which process divides a cell’s nucleus and nuclear materials?

A

mitosis

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