Biology Semester Exam Study Guide

Question 1

Organic Molecules

Answer 1

Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in all living things

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

• Major source of energy and includes sugars and starches
• made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
• Plants and animals use carbohydrates for maintaining structure in the cell

Question 3

Proteins

Answer 3

• Nitrogen-containing
• made up of chains of amino acids.
• 20 amino acids can combine to form a great variety of protein molecules.
• Can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components

Question 4

Lipids

Answer 4

• Non-polar
• made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• composed of glycerol and fatty acid. - - - Provides insulation, energy, and cushion
• Saturated/ Unsaturated

Question 5

Nucleic Acids

Answer 5

• direct instruction of proteins
• genetic information
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Question 6

Chloroplast

Answer 6

capture solar energy for photosynthesis

Question 7

Golgi Body

Answer 7

Package, distribute products (post office)

Question 8

Lysosomes

Answer 8

digests excess products and food particles

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

transform energy through respiration (powerhouse)

Question 10

Nucleus

Answer 10

contains DNA which controls cellular activities (brain)

Question 11

Ribosome

Answer 11

produces proteins

Question 12

Vacuole

Answer 12

store substances

Question 13

Cell (plasma) membrane

Answer 13

phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell; controls transport; maintains homeostasis

Question 14

cell wall

Answer 14

rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell (plant cells and some bacteria)

Question 15

cytoplasm

Answer 15

fluid-like substance that contains various membrane-bound structures (organelles) that perform various functions

Question 16

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 16

Site of chemical reactions
Rough- ribosomes
Smooth- lipid production

Question 17

Cytoskeleton

Answer 17

provides internal structure
Microfilaments- fibers
Microtubules- cylinders

Question 18

Unicellular

Answer 18

single cell

Question 19

multicellular

Answer 19

organism made of multiple cells
cells-> tissue-> organ-> organ system

Question 20

prokaryote

Answer 20

has no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelle (bacteria and blue-green bacteria)

Question 21

eukaryote

Answer 21

has a nucleus (plants, animals, fungi, protists)

Question 22

Cell theory

Answer 22

-basic unit of life (Hooke)
-all organisms are composed of cells (Schleiden, Schwann)
-all cells come from other cells (virchow)

Question 23

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 23

Uses Oxygen

Question 24

anaerobic respiration

Answer 24

no oxygen

Question 25

Cellular respiration

Answer 25

Food broken down into energy no light required all living cells heterotrophs

Question 26

photosynthesis

Answer 26

Food produced (glucose) Energy taken from the sun Chloroplasts autotrophs

Question 27

chemosynthesis

Answer 27

food produced energy from methane or inorganic material chemotrophs without oxygen hydrothermal vents

Question 28

Enzyme

Answer 28

Special proteins that regulate nearly every biochemical reaction provide energy, build cells, aid in digestion, break down complex molecules catalysts (speed up reactions by reducing energy needed) pH, temp., quantity affect enzymes

Question 29

Passive Transport

Answer 29

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of energy

Question 30

Active Transport

Answer 30

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the use of energy

Question 31

Diffusion

Answer 31

high -> low

Question 32

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 32

high -> low with the use of proteins

Question 33

Osmosis

Answer 33

diffusion of water from high -> low concentration

Question 34

Endocytosis

Answer 34

large particles brought into the cell

Question 35

excocytosis

Answer 35

particles brought out of the cell

Question 36

hypotonic

Answer 36

water moves in; bursts

Question 37

hypertonic

Answer 37

water moves out; shrinks

Question 38

isotonic

Answer 38

no net movement; equilibrium

Question 39

homeostasis

Answer 39

self-regulating mechanism that maintains internal conditions

Question 40

fermentation

Answer 40

when cells are not provided with oxygen in a timely manner, this occurs to continue the production of ATP until oxygen is available. lactic- animal alcoholic- plants

Question 41

Natural selection

Answer 41

favorable variations survive "survival of the fittest" Charles Darwin

Question 42

Adaptation

Answer 42

evolution of a structure, behavior, or internal process enabling an organism to respond to the environment

Question 43

Alternation of generations

Answer 43

type of life cycle found in some algae, fungi, and all plants where an organism alternates between a haploid (n) gametophyte generation and a diploid (2n) sporophyte generation

Question 44

Ecology

Answer 44

using specific methods and procedures to study plants and animals in their natural environment