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Biology > Biology Semester Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Biology Semester Exam Study Guide Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in all living things

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Major source of energy and includes sugars and starches
  • made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
  • Plants and animals use carbohydrates for maintaining structure in the cell
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3
Q

Proteins

A
  • Nitrogen-containing
  • made up of chains of amino acids.
  • 20 amino acids can combine to form a great variety of protein molecules.
  • Can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components
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4
Q

Lipids

A
  • Non-polar
  • made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
  • composed of glycerol and fatty acid. - - - Provides insulation, energy, and cushion
  • Saturated/ Unsaturated
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5
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • direct instruction of proteins
  • genetic information
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
  • RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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6
Q

Chloroplast

A

capture solar energy for photosynthesis

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7
Q

Golgi Body

A

Package, distribute products (post office)

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A

digests excess products and food particles

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

transform energy through respiration (powerhouse)

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA which controls cellular activities (brain)

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11
Q

Ribosome

A

produces proteins

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12
Q

Vacuole

A

store substances

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13
Q

Cell (plasma) membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell; controls transport; maintains homeostasis

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14
Q

cell wall

A

rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell (plant cells and some bacteria)

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid-like substance that contains various membrane-bound structures (organelles) that perform various functions

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16
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Site of chemical reactions
Rough- ribosomes
Smooth- lipid production

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

provides internal structure
Microfilaments- fibers
Microtubules- cylinders

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18
Q

Unicellular

A

single cell

19
Q

multicellular

A

organism made of multiple cells
cells-> tissue-> organ-> organ system

20
Q

prokaryote

A

has no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelle (bacteria and blue-green bacteria)

21
Q

eukaryote

A

has a nucleus (plants, animals, fungi, protists)

22
Q

Cell theory

A

-basic unit of life (Hooke)
-all organisms are composed of cells (Schleiden, Schwann)
-all cells come from other cells (virchow)

23
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Uses Oxygen

24
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

no oxygen

25
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Food broken down into energy
no light required
all living cells
heterotrophs

26
Q

photosynthesis

A

Food produced (glucose)
Energy taken from the sun
Chloroplasts
autotrophs

27
Q

chemosynthesis

A

food produced
energy from methane or inorganic material
chemotrophs
without oxygen
hydrothermal vents

28
Q

Enzyme

A

Special proteins that regulate nearly every biochemical reaction
provide energy, build cells, aid in digestion, break down complex molecules
catalysts (speed up reactions by reducing energy needed)
pH, temp., quantity affect enzymes

29
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane without the use of energy

30
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the use of energy

31
Q

Diffusion

A

high -> low

32
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

high -> low with the use of proteins

33
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water from high -> low concentration

34
Q

Endocytosis

A

large particles brought into the cell

35
Q

excocytosis

A

particles brought out of the cell

36
Q

hypotonic

A

water moves in; bursts

37
Q

hypertonic

A

water moves out; shrinks

38
Q

isotonic

A

no net movement; equilibrium

39
Q

homeostasis

A

self-regulating mechanism that maintains internal conditions

40
Q

fermentation

A

when cells are not provided with oxygen in a timely manner, this occurs to continue the production of ATP until oxygen is available.
lactic- animal
alcoholic- plants

41
Q

Natural selection

A

favorable variations survive “survival of the fittest”
Charles Darwin

42
Q

Adaptation

A

evolution of a structure, behavior, or internal process enabling an organism to respond to the environment

43
Q

Alternation of generations

A

type of life cycle found in some algae, fungi, and all plants where an organism alternates between a haploid (n) gametophyte generation and a diploid (2n) sporophyte generation

44
Q

Ecology

A

using specific methods and procedures to study plants and animals in their natural environment

Biology (1 decks)

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