Biology Semester 2 Final

Question 1

Hair and eye color are an example of a person’s…

Answer 1

Phenotype

Question 2

When an organsim has two alleles at a particular locus that are different, the organism is called

Answer 2

Heterozygous

Question 3

What is the probability that the offspring of a cross between homozygous recessive parent and a heterozygous parent will be homozygous ressesive?

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

What term is used for a cross that involves just one trait?

Answer 4

Monohybrid

Question 5

What is the phenotype ratio of a monohybrid cross between heterozygous parent?

Answer 5

3:1

Question 6

What observation did Mendel make as a result of his experiments with dihybrid crosses?

Answer 6

Different traits are inherited separetly( Law of independent assortment)

Question 7

Most of the traits expressed in a person’s phenotype are determined by ___ (autosomal genes or sex-linked genes.)

Answer 7

Autosomal genes

Question 8

A plant that is homozygous for red flowers is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for white flowers. In the case of incomplete dominance, the flowers of the offspring will be what color?

Answer 8

Pink

Question 9

In the case of codominant alleles, a plant that is homozygous of red flowers that is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for white flowers will produce flowers of what color?

Answer 9

Red and white

Question 10

What are polygenic traits?

Answer 10

Produced by two or more genes

Question 11

What is the main difference between the carrier of a sex-linked disorder and the carrier of an autosomal disorder?

Answer 11

The carriers for sex linked disorders are always female, while autosomal disorders can be either gender.

Question 12

A genetic disorder is traced within a family. The disorder occurs mostly in males, the gene for this disorder is most likely on __ _ (X or Y chromosome).

Answer 12

X

Question 13

For a female XX to express a recessive sex-linked trait, she must have what kind of alleles?

Answer 13

XrXr Recessive

Question 14

If two parents are carriers of Cystic Fibrosis, what is the chance, they will have a child with the disease?

Answer 14

25%

Question 15

What are genes located on the sex chromosomes called?

Answer 15

Sex linked genes

Question 16

What is cloning?

Answer 16

Process of producing individual organisms with identical genetics

Question 17

What is recombinant DNA?

Answer 17

Results when DNA from 2 different organisms are joined

Question 18

What is the purpose of restriction enzymes?

Answer 18

To cut DNA into fragments to study 1 specific gene

Question 19

Define genome.

Answer 19

Location of genes on a chromosome

Question 20

What technology is this picture showing?

Answer 20

Molecular fingerprinting

Question 21

Give an example of evidence that shows two species share a common ancestor.

Answer 21

similar bone structure

Question 22

In Biology, what does adaptation mean?

Answer 22

an individual may have a trait to give better chance of survival.

Question 23

How is natural selection similar to artificial selection?

Answer 23

Both select desirable traits

Question 24

What does fitness mean in biology?

Answer 24

The measure of ability to survive and reproduce

Question 25

What kind of individuals would natural selection “select”?

Answer 25

Organisms that are adapted to environment

Question 26

One principle of natural selection is “overproduction”. What does this refer to?

Answer 26

When there are more individuals than there are resources which creates competition

Question 27

Give an example of how the environment might put pressure on organisms to survive.

Answer 27

Food shortage

Question 28

Name three pieces of evidence for evolution.

Answer 28

Fossils, geography, embryology

Question 29

What is a vestigial structure?

Answer 29

Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an ancestor

Question 30

Similarity in forelimb structure of humans, bats, and moles shows what?

Answer 30

Common ancestry

Question 31

The false idea that a high-jumper who trains to become a champion will have descendants who can jump exceptionally high is known as?

Answer 31

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 32

Charles Lyell developed a theory that states that geologic processes that shaped Earth in the past have stayed the same throughout time. What is this theory?

Answer 32

Uniformitarianism

Question 33

What are homologous structures?

Answer 33

Similar in structures but different in function which is evidence of a common ancestor

Question 34

If bats have a gene (ATTACGCTA), which name would be more related to bats? Dolphin (ATTATTAGA) Humans (ATTACAATA) Horses (ATTACACTA)

Answer 34

Horses

Question 35

Variations within a species who have good fitness show which of the following allele frequencies? (low, medium, or high)

Answer 35

High

Question 36

What are two main sources of genetic variation in species?

Answer 36

Mutations and recombination

Question 37

Define gene pool.

Answer 37

Made up of all alleles in a population.

Question 38

Ants are the correct size and weight needed to open the flowers for the peony plant. The peony plant provides food for the ant and the ant fertilizes the peony’s flowers. This is an example of what type of evolution? Look in the book at page 327, graph 1. Which length of tail feathers will have the most reproductive success?

Answer 38

Beneficial coevolution, lengthened tail feathers.

Question 39

Evolution toward different traits in closely related species is called...

Answer 39

Divergent evolution

Question 40

What kind of isolation occurs when two populations of birds have different courtship dances?

Answer 40

Behavioral isolation.

Question 41

What type of genetic drift occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area?

Answer 41

The founder effect.

Question 42

What is the term for a group of different species in a given area?

Answer 42

Community

Question 43

Which level of organization in ecology is the major regional or global community of organisms?

Answer 43

Biome

Question 44

Why does the rain forest have the highest level of biodiversity?

Answer 44

It has the most different organisms.

Question 45

What is a keystone species?

Answer 45

Species that have an unusually large impact on its ecosystem.

Question 46

What do we call organisms that make their own food?

Answer 46

Producers.

Question 47

Most producers get energy from the Sun using what process?

Answer 47

Photosynthesis.

Question 48

What is chemosynthesis?

Answer 48

Process in which convert chemicals into energy.

Question 49

Why are decomposers important to ecosystems?

Answer 49

Return vital nutrients to the ecosystem.

Question 50

A food chain that has a producer, herbivore, and two carnivores has how many trophic levels?

Answer 50

4 trophic levels.

Question 51

Which two biogeochemical cycles depend directly on photosynthesis?

Answer 51

Carbon and oxygen cycle.

Question 52

What happens during the process of nitrogen fixation?

Answer 52

When bacteria converts nitrogen in the atmosphere to ammonia.

Question 53

Define biodiversity.

Answer 53

‘Assortment, or variety, of living things in the ecosystem.

Question 54

Look at figure 13.11 on pg. 402. If the jellyfish population decreased, which other populations would most directly be affected?

Answer 54

Zooplankton and shrimp

Question 55

Name three biotic factors in ecosystems.

Answer 55

Animals, plants, humans

Question 56

What is competitive exclusion?

Answer 56

When two species are competing, one will win and one will go extinct

Question 57

What are ecological equivalents?

Answer 57

Species that occupy similar niches but live separately

Question 58

Give an example of commensalism.

Answer 58

Trees and bird nests

Question 59

What is population density?

Answer 59

Number of individuals in a specific area

Question 60

What pattern of growth will a population with limited resources show?

Answer 60

Logistic

Question 61

What can affect carrying capacity?

Answer 61

Natural disasters, human activities

Question 62

Give an example of a density-independent limiting factor.

Answer 62

Natural disasters

Question 63

What vocab word describes lichens and mosses that are the first to live in an uninhabited area?

Answer 63

Pioneer species

Question 64

Give an example of when secondary succession would occur.

Answer 64

Wildfire

Question 65

Why does primary succession take longer than secondary succession?

Answer 65

Starts with bare rock

Question 66

Name some results of what could happen to an ecological niche when two organisms compete for the same resource.

Answer 66

may shift into 2 niches

Question 67

Name three biotic factors that may effect the carrying capacity.

Answer 67

Animals, Plants, Disease

Question 68

How does the Linnaean taxonomy name and classify organisms?

Answer 68

Physical characteristics

Question 69

What group of organisms is the most abundant on Earth?

Answer 69

Bacteria

Question 70

Put the following in order of general to specific (family, order, phylum, genus).

Answer 70

Phylum, Order, Family, Genus

Question 71

In the Linnaean system of classification, which level of organization is most commonly defined as a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring?

Answer 71

Species

Question 72

Using the figure below, label A and B.

Answer 72

A:Clade B:Derived characteristics

Question 73

How many domains are there in the most current tree of life?

Answer 73

3(bacteria, archaea, eukarya)

Question 74

Using the table on pg. 543, which organism is most closely related to the chimpanzee?

Answer 74

A rhesus monkey

Question 75

What is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 75

A two part scientific naming system.

Question 76

The modern classification system is mainly based on what?

Answer 76

Modern ancestry

Question 77

What are obligate aerobes?

Answer 77

They need oxygen

Question 78

Bacteria that are classified as Gram-positive have a substance found on what?

Answer 78

Have peptidoglycan

Question 79

What is bioremediation?

Answer 79

Uses prokaryotes to break down pollutants found on cell walls

Question 80

Legumes have a mutualistic relationship with bacteria that live in

Answer 80

Their root nodules

Question 81

How has technology affected Earth’s carrying capacity?

Answer 81

technology modifies the carrying capacity of a territory as irrigation and fertilisation in agriculture

Question 82

What is an ecological footprint?

Answer 82

is the amount of land necessary to produce and maintain enough food, water, shelter, energy and waste for each individual

Question 83

How does acid rain occur?

Answer 83

is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air

Question 84

How do greenhouse gases affect Earth’s atmosphere?

Answer 84

How do greenhouse gases affect Earth’s atmosphere?

Question 85

How can fertilizers used on lawns and fields affect a lake?

Answer 85

they can stimulate excess plant and algae growth

Question 86

What is biomagnification?

Answer 86

is an accumulation of toxins in a food chain

Question 87

What is habitat fragmentation?

Answer 87

prevents an organism from accessing its entire home range

Question 88

How can introduced species disrupt ecosystems?

Answer 88

by crowding out native species

Question 89

Give an example of an invasive species that is problematic in the United States.

Answer 89

kudzu

Question 90

What is sustainable development?

Answer 90

is a conservation method that meets needs without harming future generations