Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Semester 2 Final > Biology Semester 2 Final > Flashcards

Biology Semester 2 Final Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hair and eye color are an example of a person’s…

A

Phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When an organsim has two alleles at a particular locus that are different, the organism is called

A

Heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the probability that the offspring of a cross between homozygous recessive parent and a heterozygous parent will be homozygous ressesive?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What term is used for a cross that involves just one trait?

A

Monohybrid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the phenotype ratio of a monohybrid cross between heterozygous parent?

A

3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What observation did Mendel make as a result of his experiments with dihybrid crosses?

A

Different traits are inherited separetly( Law of independent assortment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most of the traits expressed in a person’s phenotype are determined by ___ (autosomal genes or sex-linked genes.)

A

Autosomal genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A plant that is homozygous for red flowers is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for white flowers. In the case of incomplete dominance, the flowers of the offspring will be what color?

A

Pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the case of codominant alleles, a plant that is homozygous of red flowers that is crossed with a plant that is homozygous for white flowers will produce flowers of what color?

A

Red and white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Produced by two or more genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main difference between the carrier of a sex-linked disorder and the carrier of an autosomal disorder?

A

The carriers for sex linked disorders are always female, while autosomal disorders can be either gender.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A genetic disorder is traced within a family. The disorder occurs mostly in males, the gene for this disorder is most likely on __ _ (X or Y chromosome).

A

X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

For a female XX to express a recessive sex-linked trait, she must have what kind of alleles?

A

XrXr Recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If two parents are carriers of Cystic Fibrosis, what is the chance, they will have a child with the disease?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are genes located on the sex chromosomes called?

A

Sex linked genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is cloning?

A

Process of producing individual organisms with identical genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

Results when DNA from 2 different organisms are joined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the purpose of restriction enzymes?

A

To cut DNA into fragments to study 1 specific gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define genome.

A

Location of genes on a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What technology is this picture showing?

A

Molecular fingerprinting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give an example of evidence that shows two species share a common ancestor.

A

similar bone structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In Biology, what does adaptation mean?

A

an individual may have a trait to give better chance of survival.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is natural selection similar to artificial selection?

A

Both select desirable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does fitness mean in biology?

A

The measure of ability to survive and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What kind of individuals would natural selection “select”?

A

Organisms that are adapted to environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

One principle of natural selection is “overproduction”. What does this refer to?

A

When there are more individuals than there are resources which creates competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Give an example of how the environment might put pressure on organisms to survive.

A

Food shortage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name three pieces of evidence for evolution.

A

Fossils, geography, embryology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a vestigial structure?

A

Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Similarity in forelimb structure of humans, bats, and moles shows what?

A

Common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The false idea that a high-jumper who trains to become a champion will have descendants who can jump exceptionally high is known as?

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Charles Lyell developed a theory that states that geologic processes that shaped Earth in the past have stayed the same throughout time. What is this theory?

A

Uniformitarianism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Similar in structures but different in function which is evidence of a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

If bats have a gene (ATTACGCTA), which name would be more related to bats?
Dolphin (ATTATTAGA)
Humans (ATTACAATA)
Horses (ATTACACTA)

A

Horses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Variations within a species who have good fitness show which of the following allele frequencies? (low, medium, or high)

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are two main sources of genetic variation in species?

A

Mutations and recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define gene pool.

A

Made up of all alleles in a population.

38
Q

Ants are the correct size and weight needed to open the flowers for the peony plant. The peony plant provides food for the ant and the ant fertilizes the peony’s flowers. This is an example of what type of evolution? Look in the book at page 327, graph 1. Which length of tail feathers will have the most reproductive success?

A

Beneficial coevolution, lengthened tail feathers.

39
Q

Evolution toward different traits in closely related species is called…

A

Divergent evolution

40
Q

What kind of isolation occurs when two populations of birds have different courtship dances?

A

Behavioral isolation.

41
Q

What type of genetic drift occurs after a small number of individuals colonize a new area?

A

The founder effect.

42
Q

What is the term for a group of different species in a given area?

A

Community

43
Q

Which level of organization in ecology is the major regional or global community of organisms?

A

Biome

44
Q

Why does the rain forest have the highest level of biodiversity?

A

It has the most different organisms.

45
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

Species that have an unusually large impact on its ecosystem.

46
Q

What do we call organisms that make their own food?

A

Producers.

47
Q

Most producers get energy from the Sun using what process?

A

Photosynthesis.

48
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

Process in which convert chemicals into energy.

49
Q

Why are decomposers important to ecosystems?

A

Return vital nutrients to the ecosystem.

50
Q

A food chain that has a producer, herbivore, and two carnivores has how many trophic levels?

A

4 trophic levels.

51
Q

Which two biogeochemical cycles depend directly on photosynthesis?

A

Carbon and oxygen cycle.

52
Q

What happens during the process of nitrogen fixation?

A

When bacteria converts nitrogen in the atmosphere to ammonia.

53
Q

Define biodiversity.

A

‘Assortment, or variety, of living things in the ecosystem.

54
Q

Look at figure 13.11 on pg. 402. If the jellyfish population decreased, which other populations would most directly be affected?

A

Zooplankton and shrimp

55
Q

Name three biotic factors in ecosystems.

A

Animals, plants, humans

56
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

When two species are competing, one will win and one will go extinct

57
Q

What are ecological equivalents?

A

Species that occupy similar niches but live separately

58
Q

Give an example of commensalism.

A

Trees and bird nests

59
Q

What is population density?

A

Number of individuals in a specific area

60
Q

What pattern of growth will a population with limited resources show?

A

Logistic

61
Q

What can affect carrying capacity?

A

Natural disasters, human activities

62
Q

Give an example of a density-independent limiting factor.

A

Natural disasters

63
Q

What vocab word describes lichens and mosses that are the first to live in an uninhabited area?

A

Pioneer species

64
Q

Give an example of when secondary succession would occur.

A

Wildfire

65
Q

Why does primary succession take longer than secondary succession?

A

Starts with bare rock

66
Q

Name some results of what could happen to an ecological niche when two organisms compete for the same resource.

A

may shift into 2 niches

67
Q

Name three biotic factors that may effect the carrying capacity.

A

Animals, Plants, Disease

68
Q

How does the Linnaean taxonomy name and classify organisms?

A

Physical characteristics

69
Q

What group of organisms is the most abundant on Earth?

A

Bacteria

70
Q

Put the following in order of general to specific (family, order, phylum, genus).

A

Phylum, Order, Family, Genus

71
Q

In the Linnaean system of classification, which level of organization is most commonly defined as a group of organisms that can breed and produce offspring?

A

Species

72
Q

Using the figure below, label A and B.

A

A:Clade
B:Derived characteristics

73
Q

How many domains are there in the most current tree of life?

A

3(bacteria, archaea, eukarya)

74
Q

Using the table on pg. 543, which organism is most closely related to the chimpanzee?

A

A rhesus monkey

75
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A

A two part scientific naming system.

76
Q

The modern classification system is mainly based on what?

A

Modern ancestry

77
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

They need oxygen

78
Q

Bacteria that are classified as Gram-positive have a substance found on what?

A

Have peptidoglycan

79
Q

What is bioremediation?

A

Uses prokaryotes to break down pollutants found on cell walls

80
Q

Legumes have a mutualistic relationship with bacteria that live in

A

Their root nodules

81
Q

How has technology affected Earth’s carrying capacity?

A

technology modifies the carrying capacity of a territory as irrigation and fertilisation in agriculture

82
Q

What is an ecological footprint?

A

is the amount of land necessary to produce and maintain enough food, water, shelter, energy and waste for each individual

83
Q

How does acid rain occur?

A

is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air

84
Q

How do greenhouse gases affect Earth’s atmosphere?

A

How do greenhouse gases affect Earth’s atmosphere?

85
Q

How can fertilizers used on lawns and fields affect a lake?

A

they can stimulate excess plant and algae growth

86
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

is an accumulation of toxins in a food chain

87
Q

What is habitat fragmentation?

A

prevents an organism from accessing its entire home range

88
Q

How can introduced species disrupt ecosystems?

A

by crowding out native species

89
Q

Give an example of an invasive species that is problematic in the United States.

A

kudzu

90
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

is a conservation method that meets needs without harming future generations

91
Q
A

Biology Semester 2 Final (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions