Biology Semester 1 Final

Question 1

chemical level

Answer 1

atoms/molecules

Question 2

cellular level

Answer 2

smallest unit

Question 3

tissue level

Answer 3

groups of cells who work together to complete one task

Question 4

organ level

Answer 4

groups of tissues that work together to complete one task

Question 5

system level

Answer 5

collections of organs that work together to complete one or more tasks

Question 6

organism level

Answer 6

one living individual

Question 7

totipotent

Answer 7

can develop into any type of cell, turns into membranes surrounding embryo and placenta

Question 8

pluripotent

Answer 8

can develop into most but not all cell types in the body

Question 9

multipotent

Answer 9

limited potential to develop into different types of cells, mainly found in bone marrow and hair follicles, some found in heart brain and skeletal muscle

Question 10

4 basic tissue types

Answer 10

epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 11

epithelial tissue

Answer 11

covers surface b/c cells are in contact w/ each other, lines hollow organs cavities and ducts, forms glands when cells sink under surface during development as an embryo

Question 12

connective tissue

Answer 12

material found between cells, supports/binds structures together, stores energy as fat, provides immunity to disease

Question 13

muscle tissue

Answer 13

cells shorten in length to produce movement

Question 14

nervous tissue

Answer 14

can conduct electrical signals from the brain, detects changes in+out of the body, sends messages to brain/CNS, responds with nerve impulses

Question 15

cell differentiation

Answer 15

the process by which multicellular organisms develop specialized cells through gene expression

Question 16

stem cells

Answer 16

cells that can turn into other types of cells

Question 17

embryonic stem cells

Answer 17

can form any cell type of the 200 in the body

Question 18

homeostasis

Answer 18

state of balance in the body

Question 19

steps of the homeostatic process

Answer 19

1. receptor recognizes stimuli
2. sensory neuron transmits message to CNS
3. message is interpreted, response is coordinated
4. motor neuron carries out message
5. effector organ receives message and conducts response

Question 20

afferent pathway

Answer 20

includes receptor and sensory neuron, INTO the CNs

Question 21

efferent pathway

Answer 21

includes motor neuron and effector organ, OUT of the CNS

Question 22

positive feedback loop

Answer 22

process by which stimulus causes a response which will increase stimulation, rate increases until action is complete, least common

Question 23

negative feedback loop

Answer 23

process by which stimulus causes a response which will decrease the stimulation, counters change, tries to maintain a median, most common

Question 24

digestive system function

Answer 24

breaks down food into absorbable units, indigestible material is excreted from the body as feces

Question 25

digestive system major organs

Answer 25

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, salivary glands

Question 26

cardiovascular system function

Answer 26

blood vessels transport blood, carries O2 and CO2 through body, transports nutrients and waste, heart pumps blood through system

Question 27

cardiovascular system major organs

Answer 27

heart, lungs, arteries, veins

Question 28

reproductive system function

Answer 28

to produce offspring, testes produce sperm and male sex hormones (testosterone), ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones (estrogen), mammary glands produce milk

Question 29

reproductive system major organs

Answer 29

ovaries/testes, mammary glands

Question 30

integumentary system function

Answer 30

forms external body covering, protects deep tissues, synthesizes vitamin d, site of cutaneous receptors (pain+pressure) as well as sweat and oil glands

Question 31

lymphatic system (immune system) function

Answer 31

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris in system, houses white blood cells, attacks foreign material in the body

Question 32

lymphatic system (immune system) major organs

Answer 32

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

Question 33

respiratory system function

Answer 33

keeps blood supplied with O2, removes CO2 from body, gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

Question 34

respiratory system major organs

Answer 34

lungs, bronchial tube, trachea, sinuses

Question 35

muscular system function

Answer 35

allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, produces heat

Question 36

muscular system major organs

Answer 36

cardiac and skeletal muscles

Question 37

skeletal system function

Answer 37

protects and supports body organs, provides framework for muscles, blood cells formed in bone marrow, stores minerals

Question 38

skeletal system major organs

Answer 38

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

Question 39

endocrine system function

Answer 39

glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use

Question 40

endocrine system major organs

Answer 40

thyroid, pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, ovaries/testes

Question 41

urinary system function

Answer 41

eliminates nitrogenous waste, regulates: water, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Question 42

urinary system major organs

Answer 42

kidneys, ureters, bladder, adrenal gland

Question 43

nervous system function

Answer 43

fact acting control system, responds to internal and external changes

Question 44

nervous system major organs

Answer 44

brain, spinal cord, sensory organs (ears, eyes, nose, mouth, touch receptors)