Biology Semester 1 Flashcards
State main parts in system
Urinary system
- Kidney
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
Describe main purpose of system
Urinary system function
- Filter waste material (metabolic waste) from te blood
- Store, transport, and excrete urine.
- Eliminate excess bodily fluids, salts, and the by-products of protein metabolism
State and describe
Parts of the kidney
- Renal fibrous capsule: To protect kidneys from injury and damage (skin of the kidney)
- Cortex: middle layer of kidneys
- Medula: Most inner layer of kidneys
- Renal pyramids: stores nephron within
- Renal column: seperates the renal puramids.
- Renal hillum: where the renal artery, renal vein, and renal pelvis leave the kidneys
Artery: blood into kidneys (dirty)
Vein: blood out kidneys (clean)
State all parts of term
Nephron
- Bowmans capsule
- Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- Loop of henle (LOH)
- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- Collecting duct
State the functions of term
Nephron
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
State the functions of term
Capilaries
- Renal artery brings in impure blood for the nephron to filter
- Renal vein takes the pure blood that’s filtered
- These capilaries also wrap around the nephron for reabsorbing things like salt and water if the body needs them
State the function of term
Bowmans capsule
- Blood is brought into this area through the Afferent vessel
- Leading to the Glomerulus, is shapped like that to increase surface area that’s in contact with the Bowmans capsule for efficiency.
- Filtration then takes place, the things that were filtered can also called as filtrate
- The blood then leaves through the Efferent vessel
State the function of term
Proximal & Distal convoluted tubule (PCT & DCT)
- The tube connecting the Bowmans capsule to Loop of henle and to Collecting duct.
- The capilaries surounding it can re-absorb substances that the body requires/shouldn’t be excreted like glucose, water, amino acids, and salt.
- The capillaries around them can also secret waste ions in that’s missed during filtration.
State the function of term
Loop of henle
- Also helps in re-absorption
- Main purpose is to concentrate urine.
- Descending limb is permeable to water with the help of aquaporins
- Ascending limb allows te salt to be re-absorbed
- Aquaporins can be found in this area as more will be made when the body needs to re-absorb more water
State the function of term
Collecting duct
Waste product is stored here and to be sent to renal hillum, the urether, and kidneys.
types of dialysis
Hemodialysis (Machine):
* One of your Vein and Artery wouold be attached toegether (Fistula)
* Insert needles into AV fistula for blood to flow into dialyser
* Filtering fibers and dialysate will be present in the machine to cleans the blood
Peritoneal (Direct) (Think of it as your BODY IS the Hemodialysis Machine):
* Implant catheter into abdomen for dialysate to enter and exit your body
Dialysate: contains beneficial substances that blood vessel takes in to exchange with metabolics waste in the body
Filtering fibers: They’re semi-permiable, long, and thin for maximized surface area contact
Imunity system
Your bodys ways of protecting itself from diseases/pathogens
(non)-specific immune response
non-specific: doesnt target a specific kind of harm but basically a wide variety, like your stomach acid killing a variety of pathogens and phagocytes just engluf any foreign antigens and destroys them.
specific: meant to target specific pathogens/antigen, like antibodies, some are made to attach onto one type of antigen and neutralize it.
Antigen & Antibody
Antigen: markers found on outside of cells or viruses, the body reads them to determine if the pattern is recognized (self) or whether it’s not (foreign)
Antibody: Made to attach onto a specific antigen, meant to neutralize microbe attached onto to prevent it from multiplying.
Types of T lymphocytes
- Helper T cells
- Killer T cells
- Memory T cells
- RegulatoryT cells
