Biology review for EOC Flashcards
1
Q
Independent
Variable
A
Factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed; also called manipulated variable
2
Q
Dependent
Variable
A
Variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable; also called the responding variable
2
Q
Carbohydrates
A
Compound made up of carbon,Hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body
3
Q
Monosaccharide
A
Simple sugar molecule
4
Q
Polysaccharide
A
A carbohydrate whose molecules consists of a number of sugar molecules bonded together
5
Q
Lipids
A
Biomolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms: includes fats,oils, and waxes
6
Q
Nucleic acid
A
Biomolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen carbon and phosphorus
7
Q
Nucleotide
A
Subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5 carbon sugar a phosphate sugar and a nitrogenous base
8
Q
Protein
A
Biomolecule that contains carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair
9
Q
Amino acid
A
Compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other group
10
Q
Monomer
A
Small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
11
Q
Polymer
A
Molecules composed of many monomers; makes up biomolecules
12
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Reactant
A
Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
13
Q
Product
A
Elements or compounds that produced by a chemical reaction
14
Q
Catalyst
A
Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
15
Q
Enzyme
A
Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions
16
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Substrate
A
Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
17
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Hypothesis
A
A tentative and testable scientific explanation that is capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence or experimentation
18
Q
Gene pool
A
All the genes, including all alleles for a gene,that are present in a population
19
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Gene
A
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring
20
Q
Population
A
Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
21
Q
Relative frequency
A
The average number of occurrences of a particular event in a large number of repeated trials
22
Q
Allele frequency
A
of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool as a %of the total occurrence of all alleles for that gene in that gene pool
23
Q
Polygenic trait
A
Trait controlled by two or more genes
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Bell curve
Normal distribution
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Directional selection
Form of natural selection in which individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle at the other end of the curve
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Disruptive selection
Natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than the individuals near the middle of the curve
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Stabilizing selection
Form of natural selection in which individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve
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Selection pressure
Those factors that influence the direction of natural selection
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Natural selection
The different survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on the traits they possess
30
Genetic Drift
Random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurrences that causes an allele to become more or less common in a population
31
Gene flow
The movement of genes into or out of a population
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Founder effect
Change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population
33
Speciation
Formation of a new species
34
Evolution
The process by which organisms have changed over time
35
Theory
Highly reliable,well-tested scientific explanation of some aspect of the natural world that unifies many repeated observations and well-supported hypothesis, and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations
36
Vestigial organs
are inherited from ancestors but have lost much of their original size and function
37
Homologous structures
Similar structures that are shared by related species that have been inherited from a common ancestor
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Fossil record
Provides evidence about the nature and rate of evolutionary change in species and larger class
39
Adaption
Heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in an environment
40
Fitness
How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
41
Mutation
A heritable change in the genetic code
42
Common ancestor
Animals with structures and got basic version of the structure from their parents
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Embryology
The early stage of the embryos
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Allele
One of a number of different forms of a gene
45
Cell
Basic unit of all forms of life
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Tissue
Group of similar cells that preform a particular function
47
Organ
A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve as a common function
48
Organ system
Group of organs that work together to preform a specific function
49
Nutrient absorption
Any of the mineral substances that are absorbed by the roots of plants for nourishment
50
Immunity
The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells
51
Fever
An abnormally high body temperature, usually accompanied by shivering, headache, and in severe cases delirium
52
Antigen
Any substance that triggers an immune response
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Antibody
A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood
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Allergy
A damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially pollen, fur, a particular food, or dust to which it has become hypersensitive
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Asthma
A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficultly in breathing; it usually results from an allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity
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Leukemia
A malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leukocytes. These suppress the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia and other symptoms
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Lymph nodes
Each of a number of small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered abs lymphocytes are formed
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B Cell
A type of lymphocyte, developed in bone marrow, that circulates in the blood and lymph and, upon encountering a particular foreign antigen, differentiates into a clone of plasma cells that separate a specific antibody and clone of memory cells that make the antibody on subsequent encounters
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Killer cell
A white blood cell that destroys infected or cancerous cells
60
Cytotoxic T cell
Is a lymphocyte that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected particularly with viruses, or cells that are damaged in other ways
61
Macrophage
A phaocytic tissue cell of the immune system that maybe fixed or freely motile, is derived from a monocyte, functions in the destruction of foreign antigens and serves as an antigen-- presenting cell
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Memory cell
Cells of the immune system that do not respond immediately when it first encounters an antigen but facilitates the more rapid secondary response when the antigen is encountered on a subsequent occasion
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Helper T cell
A T cell that influences or controls the differentiation or activity of other cells of the immune system
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Prokaryote
Unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
65
Binary fission
Type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells
66
Conjugation
Process in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information
67
Virus
Non-living particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells
68
Capsid
Protein coat surrounding a virus
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Flagella
Structure used by protists for movement, produces movement in a wave like motion
70
Lytic infection
Type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst
71
Lysogenic infection
Type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cells DNA
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Pathogen
Disease causing agent
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Vaccine
Preparation of weakened or killed pathogens used to produce immunity to a disease
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Antibiotic
Group of drugs used to block the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens
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Disease
A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant that produces specific signs or symptoms and is not simply a direct result of physical injury
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus is a lenti virus that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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AIDS
A disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy
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Influenza
A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, and often occurring in epidemics
79
ATP
Compound used by cells to store and release energy
80
ADP
Organic compound is essential to the flow of energy in living cells
81
Autotroph
Organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds
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Heterotroph
Organism that obtains food by consuming other living things
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Cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
84
Aerobic
Process that requires oxygen
85
Anaerobic
Process that doesn't require oxygen
86
Mitochondria
Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
87
Photosynthesis
Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
88
Chlorophyll
Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms
89
Chloroplasts
Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts into chemical energy
90
Thylakoid
Sac like photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
91
Stroma
Fluid portion of the chloroplasts; outside the thylakoids
92
Grana
The sacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplasts
93
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
94
Cell theory
Fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells
95
Robert Hooke
Published book micrographia of microscopic observations of many organisms
96
Van Leeuwenhoek
First to describe and see bacteria
97
Schleiden
In contributions to phytogenesis all plants made up of cells
98
Schwann
All animals are made up of cells
99
Prokaryotes
Is a single celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle
100
Eukaryotes
Organism whose cells contain a nucleus
101
Nucleus
The center of an atom, which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, a membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cells genetic material in a the form of DNA
102
Organelle
Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a cell
103
Cytoplasm
In eukaryotic cells, all cellular contents outside the nucleus; in prokaryotic cells, all of the cells contents
104
Nucleolus
Is where the assembly of ribosomes begins
105
ER rough and smooth
Internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled
106
Golgi
Organelle in cells that modifies sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell
107
Lysosome
Cell organelle that breaks down lipids carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell
108
Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water salts proteins and carbohydrates
109
Mitochondrion
Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
110
Chloroplast
Organelle found in cells and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
111
Centriole
Structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division
112
Cell membrane
Thin flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
113
Cell wall
Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells
114
Lipid bilayer
Flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings
115
Diffusion
Process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are moved from a concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
116
Equilibrium
They have equal amounts of stuff going in and out of the cell
117
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
118
Isotonic
When the concentration of two solutions is the same
119
Hypertonic
When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
120
Hypotonic
When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
121
Active transport
The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration,assisted by enzymes and requiring energy
122
Specialized cells
In multicellular organisms are modified to carry out a particular function, such as transporting a certain substance or executing a specific task
123
Differentiation
Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
124
Homeostasis
Relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms contain
125
Chromosomes
Threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contain genetic information; in eukaryotes, chromosomes are found in the nucleus; in prokaryotes they are found in cytoplasm
126
Centromere
Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach
127
G1 phase
Cell grows, synthesizes new proteins and organelles
128
S phase
Chromosomes are replicated and synthesis of DNA molecule
129
G2 phase
Shortest part of interphase, organelles and molecules needed for cell division are encid at end, cell ready for m phase of cell cycle
130
M phase
Is the division of the cell nucleus 4 stage prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
131
Interphase
Period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
132
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
133
Prophase
First and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible
134
Metaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
135
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
136
Telophase
Phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of a chromatin
137
DNA
Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents
138
Nucleotide
Subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group & a nitrogenous base
139
Adenosine
A compound consisting of adenine combined with ribose, one of four nucleoside units in RNA
140
Guanine
A compound that occurs in guano and fish scales and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids
141
Cytosine
A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double stranded DNA
142
Thymine
A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative is paired with adenine in a double stranded DNA
143
DNA replication
The process where by a copy of a DNA molecule is made and thus the genetic information it contains is duplicated
144
Complementary base pairing
The stranded arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing thymine being paired with adenine and cytosine paired with guanine
145
Semi conservative
Relating to or being genetic replication in which a double stranded molecule of nucleic acid
146
Cancer
Disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth
