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Biology review for EOC Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Independent

Variable

A

Factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed; also called manipulated variable

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2
Q

Dependent

Variable

A

Variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable; also called the responding variable

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Compound made up of carbon,Hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body

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3
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar molecule

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4
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carbohydrate whose molecules consists of a number of sugar molecules bonded together

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5
Q

Lipids

A

Biomolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms: includes fats,oils, and waxes

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6
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Biomolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen carbon and phosphorus

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7
Q

Nucleotide

A

Subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5 carbon sugar a phosphate sugar and a nitrogenous base

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8
Q

Protein

A

Biomolecule that contains carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair

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9
Q

Amino acid

A

Compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other group

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10
Q

Monomer

A

Small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

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11
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules composed of many monomers; makes up biomolecules

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12
Q

Reactant

A

Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

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13
Q

Product

A

Elements or compounds that produced by a chemical reaction

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14
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

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15
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions

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16
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

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17
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative and testable scientific explanation that is capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence or experimentation

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18
Q

Gene pool

A

All the genes, including all alleles for a gene,that are present in a population

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19
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring

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20
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

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21
Q

Relative frequency

A

The average number of occurrences of a particular event in a large number of repeated trials

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22
Q

Allele frequency

A

of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool as a %of the total occurrence of all alleles for that gene in that gene pool

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23
Q

Polygenic trait

A

Trait controlled by two or more genes

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24
Q

Bell curve

A

Normal distribution

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25
Q

Directional selection

A

Form of natural selection in which individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle at the other end of the curve

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26
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Natural selection in which individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than the individuals near the middle of the curve

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27
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Form of natural selection in which individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve

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28
Q

Selection pressure

A

Those factors that influence the direction of natural selection

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29
Q

Natural selection

A

The different survival and reproduction of individuals in a population based on the traits they possess

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30
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random change in allele frequency caused by a series of chance occurrences that causes an allele to become more or less common in a population

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31
Q

Gene flow

A

The movement of genes into or out of a population

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32
Q

Founder effect

A

Change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population

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33
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species

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34
Q

Evolution

A

The process by which organisms have changed over time

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35
Q

Theory

A

Highly reliable,well-tested scientific explanation of some aspect of the natural world that unifies many repeated observations and well-supported hypothesis, and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations

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36
Q

Vestigial organs

A

are inherited from ancestors but have lost much of their original size and function

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37
Q

Homologous structures

A

Similar structures that are shared by related species that have been inherited from a common ancestor

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38
Q

Fossil record

A

Provides evidence about the nature and rate of evolutionary change in species and larger class

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39
Q

Adaption

A

Heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in an environment

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40
Q

Fitness

A

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

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41
Q

Mutation

A

A heritable change in the genetic code

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42
Q

Common ancestor

A

Animals with structures and got basic version of the structure from their parents

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43
Q

Embryology

A

The early stage of the embryos

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44
Q

Allele

A

One of a number of different forms of a gene

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45
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of all forms of life

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46
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells that preform a particular function

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47
Q

Organ

A

A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve as a common function

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48
Q

Organ system

A

Group of organs that work together to preform a specific function

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49
Q

Nutrient absorption

A

Any of the mineral substances that are absorbed by the roots of plants for nourishment

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50
Q

Immunity

A

The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells

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51
Q

Fever

A

An abnormally high body temperature, usually accompanied by shivering, headache, and in severe cases delirium

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52
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that triggers an immune response

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53
Q

Antibody

A

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood

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54
Q

Allergy

A

A damaging immune response by the body to a substance, especially pollen, fur, a particular food, or dust to which it has become hypersensitive

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55
Q

Asthma

A

A respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficultly in breathing; it usually results from an allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity

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56
Q

Leukemia

A

A malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leukocytes. These suppress the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia and other symptoms

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57
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Each of a number of small swellings in the lymphatic system where lymph is filtered abs lymphocytes are formed

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58
Q

B Cell

A

A type of lymphocyte, developed in bone marrow, that circulates in the blood and lymph and, upon encountering a particular foreign antigen, differentiates into a clone of plasma cells that separate a specific antibody and clone of memory cells that make the antibody on subsequent encounters

59
Q

Killer cell

A

A white blood cell that destroys infected or cancerous cells

60
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

Is a lymphocyte that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected particularly with viruses, or cells that are damaged in other ways

61
Q

Macrophage

A

A phaocytic tissue cell of the immune system that maybe fixed or freely motile, is derived from a monocyte, functions in the destruction of foreign antigens and serves as an antigen– presenting cell

62
Q

Memory cell

A

Cells of the immune system that do not respond immediately when it first encounters an antigen but facilitates the more rapid secondary response when the antigen is encountered on a subsequent occasion

63
Q

Helper T cell

A

A T cell that influences or controls the differentiation or activity of other cells of the immune system

64
Q

Prokaryote

A

Unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus

65
Q

Binary fission

A

Type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

66
Q

Conjugation

A

Process in which paramecia and some prokaryotes exchange genetic information

67
Q

Virus

A

Non-living particle made of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells

68
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat surrounding a virus

69
Q

Flagella

A

Structure used by protists for movement, produces movement in a wave like motion

70
Q

Lytic infection

A

Type of infection in which a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

71
Q

Lysogenic infection

A

Type of infection in which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cells DNA

72
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing agent

73
Q

Vaccine

A

Preparation of weakened or killed pathogens used to produce immunity to a disease

74
Q

Antibiotic

A

Group of drugs used to block the growth and reproduction of bacterial pathogens

75
Q

Disease

A

A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant that produces specific signs or symptoms and is not simply a direct result of physical injury

76
Q

HIV

A

The human immunodeficiency virus is a lenti virus that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

77
Q

AIDS

A

A disease in which there is a severe loss of the body’s cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy

78
Q

Influenza

A

A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, and often occurring in epidemics

79
Q

ATP

A

Compound used by cells to store and release energy

80
Q

ADP

A

Organic compound is essential to the flow of energy in living cells

81
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds

82
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism that obtains food by consuming other living things

83
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

84
Q

Aerobic

A

Process that requires oxygen

85
Q

Anaerobic

A

Process that doesn’t require oxygen

86
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

87
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

88
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms

89
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts into chemical energy

90
Q

Thylakoid

A

Sac like photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts

91
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid portion of the chloroplasts; outside the thylakoids

92
Q

Grana

A

The sacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplasts

93
Q

Fermentation

A

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

94
Q

Cell theory

A

Fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells

95
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Published book micrographia of microscopic observations of many organisms

96
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

First to describe and see bacteria

97
Q

Schleiden

A

In contributions to phytogenesis all plants made up of cells

98
Q

Schwann

A

All animals are made up of cells

99
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Is a single celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle

100
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Organism whose cells contain a nucleus

101
Q

Nucleus

A

The center of an atom, which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, a membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cells genetic material in a the form of DNA

102
Q

Organelle

A

Specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a cell

103
Q

Cytoplasm

A

In eukaryotic cells, all cellular contents outside the nucleus; in prokaryotic cells, all of the cells contents

104
Q

Nucleolus

A

Is where the assembly of ribosomes begins

105
Q

ER rough and smooth

A

Internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled

106
Q

Golgi

A

Organelle in cells that modifies sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

107
Q

Lysosome

A

Cell organelle that breaks down lipids carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

108
Q

Vacuole

A

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water salts proteins and carbohydrates

109
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

110
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle found in cells and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

111
Q

Centriole

A

Structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

112
Q

Cell membrane

A

Thin flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

113
Q

Cell wall

A

Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells

114
Q

Lipid bilayer

A

Flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings

115
Q

Diffusion

A

Process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are moved from a concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated

116
Q

Equilibrium

A

They have equal amounts of stuff going in and out of the cell

117
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

118
Q

Isotonic

A

When the concentration of two solutions is the same

119
Q

Hypertonic

A

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

120
Q

Hypotonic

A

When comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

121
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration,assisted by enzymes and requiring energy

122
Q

Specialized cells

A

In multicellular organisms are modified to carry out a particular function, such as transporting a certain substance or executing a specific task

123
Q

Differentiation

A

Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

124
Q

Homeostasis

A

Relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms contain

125
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contain genetic information; in eukaryotes, chromosomes are found in the nucleus; in prokaryotes they are found in cytoplasm

126
Q

Centromere

A

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

127
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell grows, synthesizes new proteins and organelles

128
Q

S phase

A

Chromosomes are replicated and synthesis of DNA molecule

129
Q

G2 phase

A

Shortest part of interphase, organelles and molecules needed for cell division are encid at end, cell ready for m phase of cell cycle

130
Q

M phase

A

Is the division of the cell nucleus 4 stage prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

131
Q

Interphase

A

Period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

132
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

133
Q

Prophase

A

First and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible

134
Q

Metaphase

A

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

135
Q

Anaphase

A

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

136
Q

Telophase

A

Phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of a chromatin

137
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents

138
Q

Nucleotide

A

Subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group & a nitrogenous base

139
Q

Adenosine

A

A compound consisting of adenine combined with ribose, one of four nucleoside units in RNA

140
Q

Guanine

A

A compound that occurs in guano and fish scales and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids

141
Q

Cytosine

A

A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double stranded DNA

142
Q

Thymine

A

A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative is paired with adenine in a double stranded DNA

143
Q

DNA replication

A

The process where by a copy of a DNA molecule is made and thus the genetic information it contains is duplicated

144
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

The stranded arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing thymine being paired with adenine and cytosine paired with guanine

145
Q

Semi conservative

A

Relating to or being genetic replication in which a double stranded molecule of nucleic acid

146
Q

Cancer

A

Disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth

Biology (1 decks)

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