Biology Quiz Flashcards
Name the six characteristics of living things.
- Living things are organized and made up of cells.
- Living things reproduce
- Living things grow and develop.
- Living things respond to stimuli.
- Living things require energy.
- Living things adapt and evolve.
What is a cell?
A cell is the basic unit of life.
Human bodies contain more than 10 trillion cells!
Living things are made up of one or more cells.
One = Prokaryotic
More = Eukaryotic
Name the three theories of the cell theory.
- All living things are made up of one or more cells.
- Cells are the simplest unit that can carry out life process.
- All cells come from other pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotic Define
- Made up of only one cell (unicellular).
- No nucleus or membranes around the organelles.
Eukaryotic Define
- Single or Multicellular
- Have a nucleus and membranes.
Seven Functions of Organelles
- Intake Nutrients
- Reproduce
- Movement
- Growth
- Respond to Stimuli
- Exchange of Gases
- Waste Removal
Cell Membrane
- Made up of a double layer of lipids and protects the cells organelles.
- Selectively Permeable
Cytoplasm
- Watery fluid that fills the cell.
- Allows nutrients and organelles to move in the cell.
- Just the liquid = “Cytosol”
Nucleus
- Surrounded by the nuclear membrane.
- Contains the cells “DNA”
- Site of ribosome manufacturing ( in Nucleolus)
Vacuoles
- Cells storage organelle.
- Stores water, nutrients, and waste.
Mitochondria
- Known as the “ powerhouse” of the cell.
- Creates energy through cellular respiration.
- Chemical Energy to Sugar to Energy
Vesicles
- Store and transport proteins and nutrients throughout the cell, or outside.
Lysosomes
- “Clean Up” systems of the cell. Filled with enzymes.
- Break invading bacteria and damaged organelles. Digestion occurs.
Golgi Apparatus
Packages proteins and lipids from the ER into vesicles.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Site of Protein Manufacturing.
- Generally near the nucleus.
- Ribosomes are visible.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Smoother
- Site of Lipid Manufacturing
- Lipids = Fat & Oil
Ribosomes
- Make proteins
- Found on the rough ER and floating throughout the cytoplasm.
- Manufactured in nucleolus.
Cytoskeleton
- Type of strings throughout the cell.
- Promotes cell movement & maintains cell shape.
Centrioles
- Only found in animal cells.
- Made of microfibers.
- Creates spindle fibers for mitosis.
Central Vacuole
- Stores water and nutrients.
- Helps maintain shape using turgor pressure.
- Bigger in plant cells because they need to store more water and nutrients, since they are not as accessible as animals.
Chloroplast
- Photosynthesis Occurs
- Plants make own sugar used for cellular respiration in mitochondria.
Cell Wall
- Protects and gives cell shape.
- A more line of defense due to plants structure, where it’s more prone to damage than animal cells.
Why they need cell wall?
Plants don’t have bones like animal cells, the cell wall with it’s rigid property helps the plants stand and give a more defined structure without bones, while giving extra protection.
Body Tube
Separates ocular lens from objective lens.
Ocular Lens
Magnifies the specimen by 10x. What you look through.
Revolving Nosepiece
Holds the objective lens in place. Rotates them.
Objective Lens
Magnifies Specimen
High = 40x
Med = 10x
Low = 4x
Stage
Supports the specimen and slide for observation.
Diaphragm
Allows light to pass through the specimen.
Stage Clips
Holds the slide in position by giving extra support on the stage.
Condenser
Gathers light from microscopes light source.
Lamp
Supplies light for the specimen.
Arm
Carries Microscope
Course Adjustment Knob
Moves stage up or down
Fine Adjustment Knob
Sharpens Image
Base
Provides Stable Platform
Total Magnification
Ocular Lens (10x) x Objective Lens
Field of View
The distance from once side to the other side of the specimen.
Actual Size of Specimen Formula
Field of View / No. of Cells Across
Magnification Formula
Size of Drawing / Actual Size
Unit Conversions
1 cm = 10 mm
1 mm = 1000 μm
1 cm = 10000 μm
Why do cells divide?
- Growth of Organism
- Repair Tissues
- Replace Dying or Dead Cells
Cell Cycle
The life of a cell including cell growth, DNA replication, and mitosis.
Mitosis
The phase of a cell in which the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Genetic material that carries instructions for how to build the cell and keep it functioning.
Chromosomes
- Chromatin coils up to chromosomes during mitosis to organize process.
- 46 chromosomes in human.
- Condensed DNA
Sister Chromatids
Identical chromosomes connected by a centromere.
Interphase
Preparation to prepare the cell for mitosis. 90% of cells life in interphase.
Growth 1 (G1)
Cell Produces New Proteins and Organelles.
Synthesis (S)
DNA is replicated to make two copies for mitosis.
Genetic Material is in the form of “Chromatin”.
Growth 2 (G2)
Preparation for cell division. Making more organelles and structures for daughter cells.
Prophase
- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Sister pairs as it was doubled in interphase.
- Nuclear Membrane Breaks
- Nucleolus Disappears
- Spindle fibers start to move from centrosomes and move to opposite poles.
Metaphase
- Spindle fibers guide chromosomes to the equator of cell.
- Spindle fibers from opposite poles attach to each centromere.
Anaphase
- Centromeres split, sister chromatids separate.
- Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles as spindle fibers shorten.
Telophase
- Chromosomes reach opposite poles and begin to unwind into chromatin.
- Spindle Fibers break down.
- Nucleolus reforms.
- Nuclear Membrane reappears.
Cytokinesis
- The splitting of the cytoplasm.
- Cell Separates
Animal Cell Cytokinesis
- Indentation forms in cell membrane.
- Microfilaments ring deepens until it’s pinched.
Plant Cell Cytokinesis
- Cell plate forms in between nuclei, made using vesicles.
- Cell walls form on each side, and cell separates.
Necrosis
When the cell dies because of outside toxins such as infections, toxins, etc.
Apoptosis
- Programmed Cell Death
- Normal cells live for about 50 to 60 divisions.
