Biology- proteins and enzymes Flashcards
protein characteristic
used in a variety of cell functions, metabolic reactions, structure, enzymes, DNA replication, facilitated diffusion, energy production, cellular respiration
facilitated diffusion
use of protein channels to move molecules in/out of a cell
Photosynthesis
process of creating glucose
cellular respiration
process of creating ATP
monomer
20 different types of amino acids
polymer
Polypeptides, created by ribosomes, are proteins formed from a collection of polypeptides (the arrangement of amino acids determines the protein)
primary structure
A polypeptide is just a sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
structure when they hydrogen bond, Alpha Helix and Beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure
the R groups begin to fold ( hydrophobic will stay together and hydrophilic will stay together, hydrophilic on the outside hydrophobic on the inside)
Quaternary structure
two proteins coming together
Sickle Cell
Red blood cells are unable to roll, carry less O2, more likely to clog, caused by misshapen hemoglobin protein
Types of amino acids
nonpolar hydrophobic, Basic pH, Polar hydrophilic neutral pH, Acidic pH
Amino acid structure
1) central C 2) Amino group (NH2) 3)H 4) Carboxyl group (COOH) 5) R group
how do amino acids bond to each other
they bond through dehydration synthesis
what are the building blocks of protein called
Amino Acids
Serine is one of ___ of these building blocks
20
witch organelle of the cell puts the R group, carboxyl group, and amino group together
ribosome
what is the bond between building blocks called?
peptide bond
each amino acid is unique due to their
R group
protein common foods
Meats, beans, eggs, nuts
how are common proteins digested?
1) protein is denatured in the stomach, 2) further digested in the small intestine 3) amino acids enter the bloodstream and are transported around the body
peptide bonds are broken through hydrolysis
Fibrous
S- long narrow
P- structural
A- repeating amino acids sequence
D- less sensitive to pH, salt, and temperature
E- collagen, keratin, actin
S- not soluble in water
Globular
S- Round/ spherical
P- functional- a “role”
A- irregular amino acids sequence
D- More sensitive to pH, salt, and temperature
E- albumin (egg whites), enzymes, hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying molecule in the blood)
S- soluble in water
Enzymes
globular, category of protein, lower energy needed to start a chemical reaction, sensitive to environment: denatured by pH and temperature fluctuations
Body temp: 37 C, if high fever enzymes lose the ability to work, alcohol poisoning
very specific in actions: amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars, lactase breaks lactose down into simple sugars
activation energy
amount of energy needed to start a reaction
ATP+ H20
ADP+P+Energy
The energy (heat)
is used to warm the body
exothermic reaction
A chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs
Energy is released when
Bonds are broken
cellular respiration
Process that breaks down glucose to make it cellular energy
C6H12O6+6O2
6CO2+6H20+energy
endothermic reactions
Chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases
Catalysts
A substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
substrate
A molecule that binds to the enzyme
active site
Location on the enzyme where substrates bind to the enzyme
Enzymes do what
They weaken and break the bonds of the substrate.
Enzyme substrate complex
substrate plus enzyme
